380 The Journal 
oped muscles the gait is not very quick 
or ight. The height is from 4 ft. 7 in. 
10 5 Ti" 
In a conversation about Japanese 
horses Professor Fujita, who formerly 
occupied the chair of zoology at the 
Imperial University of Tokyo, informed 
me that the Nambu is the best horse 
produced in Japan today, as well as one 
of the oldest and purest breeds, foreign 
blood not being desired by its owners. 
In connection with this breed, I wish 
to call attention to the horses some- 
times met with in our provinces of 
Cagayan, Isabela and Ilocos Norte. 
These individuals show in a marked 
degree the characters above-mentioned. 
I recall particularly a horse seen in 
Cagayan province in the year 1910, 
which one would have felt certain was 
a Japanese importation. Inquiry 
brought out the fact that not only he, 
but his sire and dam as well, had been 
born and raised in the town. 
It would seem, from the information 
available, that the importation of horses 
from Mexico met with many obstacles. 
In his instructions to Dasmarinas 
(August 9, 1589), Philip II advised 
him that he was writing the governor 
of Nueva Espafia to send to the Philip- 
pines twelve mares, two stallions, 
twenty-four cows and two bulls, and 
Dasmarinas was requested to take 
these with him. On May 25, 1596, 
Governor Tello was advised by the 
king of a similar order to the viceroy 
of Nueva Espafia, but in the following 
year the governor reported that the 
animals had not been received. The 
first actual evidence I have found of 
the presence of Mexican or Spanish 
horses in the Philippines is the letter 
of Fray Gregorio de la Cruz regarding 
an expedition to Camboja (now French 
Indo-China). Under date of August 1, 
1595, he acknowledges receipt of a 
Castilian horse which together with 
some hunting dogs and emeralds was 
being sent to the king of Siam as a 
present. Aside from one or two hints 
of this sort, there is no record of the 
introduction of horses from Mexico 
during the first century of the Philip- 
pines, and it is my belief that not until 
later were they introduced in such 
of Heredity 
numbers as to exert much influence on 
the industry in the islands. 
The ancestry of any horses brought 
from Mexico can be confidently traced 
to the horses brought there from Spain 
by Cortez, Coronado, and other early 
explorers; for it is well known that the 
horse did not exist in the New World 
prior to the arrival of Columbus. 
SPANISH HORSES 
The original horses brought to Mexico 
were certainly not, as most people sup- 
pose, of almost pure Arab or Barb stock. 
The Spanish horse of the fifteenth cen- 
tury had been subjected to a long pro- 
cess of cross-breeding. Because of the 
weight of both armor and rider, the 
Spaniards had felt the necessity for a 
heavier horse than either the Arab or 
the Barb, and therefore introduced 
German blood. 
The story of this cross and its 
effects may be graphically studied in 
the museum of paintings at Madrid, 
in the paintings of Rizzi, Bartolme, 
Gonzales, Paret, Goya and others. 
Horses in the later paintings, such as 
those of the Duke of Zaragosa and 
Charles IV, have oval heads like those 
of sheep, while as early as the middle 
of the fifteenth century the type of the 
Andalusian was that of a Germanic 
race. This process was probably largely 
influenced by Charles I, himself a 
German. 
Thus it is evident that the Spanish 
horse had lost much of its Arab or 
Barb blood before introduction to 
America. Just what blood had en- 
- tered is not known; but as most of the 
large West European races contain a 
greater or less degree of Norse blood, 
there is ground for assumption that 
whatever race was utilized contained 
some of that blood. Norse horses 
were mostly dun colored with black 
points. The mane is long and heavy 
and falls to both sides with a longi- 
tudinal dark band connecting the mane 
and tail. Distinct dark bars are also 
present, especially in the region of the 
knees and hocks. The ears are short 
and carried in an upright position. 
The outline of the face becomes convex 
