Mackie: Philippine Horses 
near the muzzle and ends in a rather 
long upper lip.® 
It is to this crossing that the dun 
(buckskin) color which is not uncom- 
mon in Mexican horses may be attrib- 
uted. In the Arab this color is prac- 
tically unknown, as for more than 2,000 
years all horses of this color and cream 
color (albino) were held to be fit for no 
free man to ride. So by constant 
selection the colors were eliminated. 
Reviewing other sources from which 
horses were brought to the Philippines, 
we find in a report dated 1620, entitled 
“Prizes for Oriental Products,” that 
“From Ormuz which is in Persia they 
bring excellent horses and find carpets.” 
Viana’s Memorial, 1751-1765, states: 
“From Vengalu (Bengal), the Coro- 
mandel and Malabar coast and other 
parts of India they bring sulfur, birds- 
nests, cotton, rice, gold ‘and horses.” 
This information is important in that 
it brings into the native horse two 
lines of descent from a quarter least 
expected—viz., the Persian Gulf Arab 
and some unknown Indian breed. 
The importation of horses from Persia 
probably accounts in a certain degree 
for the strong resemblance between 
certain Filipino horses and the Arab. 
During the latter part of the nine- 
teenth century many Spanish stallions 
were brought to the islands, to improve 
the native stock. 
AMERICAN BREEDING 
This brings us to the American 
occupation in 1898, when a new ele- 
ment enters. The Bureau of Agri- 
culture has established stock farms 
and maintains blooded stallions in 
various provinces. These animals are 
at the service of the public gratis. 
Among the breeds used are the Arab, 
Anglo-Arab, Gulf Arab, Morgan, Ken- 
tucky, Standardbred, selected native, 
and grades. It is too early to foresee 
the final result of such a mixture. At 
first the desire seemed to be to produce 
a fast animal that would bring a high 
price on the race track, but a ruling 
that half-breed horses must be entered 
as such, checked this tendency. At 
381 
present the natives are very slow in 
taking up the improvement of. their 
horses. Much promiscuous breeding 
of inferior stallions takes place, due to 
the fact that castration is not prac- 
ticed; and it is my belief that no great 
improvement can be made in Philip- 
pine horses until a stallion tax or other 
restrictive measure is passed, which 
will prevent this. 
Reviewing the horses I myself have 
seen in the various provinces, I find 
five fairly well defined types, not 
counting the various half-breeds and 
mestizos or scrubs. It should be said 
that there is almost every possible 
gradation between these types. Never- 
theless, the types are distinct—anato- 
mically, and not by geographical lines. 
They are: 
1. A type which favors the Arab in many 
points. The head is sharply chiseled, though 
not dished as in the Arab; eyes large and lus- 
trous; ears well placed, normal and mobile; 
head well attached, neck rather thick, well 
curved and graceful. Chest as a rule full and 
well developed, though sometimes narrow. 
Withers full, hindquarters developed to a 
sufficient extent, tail gracefully placed and 
carried with vigor. Croup regular and com- 
pact. The rump, withers and hindquarters 
are remarkably strong. Both fore and hind 
legs are clean-cut, free and muscular, with 
good articulations. The hoofs are generally 
oval, black and hard, though there is sometimes 
a tendency to mule-foot. Mane and tail full. 
It is needless to say that individuals of this 
type have been produced by more or less 
careful breeding and are therefore most plenti- 
ful in the provinces that have been longest 
settled. 
2. A type that favors the Chinese horse. 
Individuals are generally rather short (49 or 
50 inches) but thick-set. Head heavy though 
not noticeably long, nose flat, nostrils rather 
full, lower jaw powerful, forehead and face 
rather narrow, profile more convex toward the 
muzzle, ending in a somewhat long upper lip. 
In neck, shoulders and trunk they resemble a 
small cart horse. Hindquarters are full and 
rounded and tail well placed, although there 
is slightly more slope to the croup than we 
generally desire. Hind legs are fairly long 
with hocks close together, often cow-hocked, 
hoofs vary but generally oval, black and hard, 
though sometimes narrow. Mane heavy and 
full, falling on both sides; tail long and full. 
3. In the third type are most of the horses of 
the islands, particularly in the rural districts. 
They vary around 48 or 50 inches high, with 
medium head, well chiseled and placed, profile 
straight, neck gracefully curved, chest rather 
6 J. Cossar Ewart, ‘‘Multiple Origin of Horses and Ponies.”’ 
