382 The Journal 
narrow, croup sloping, legs clean-cut, hoofs 
oval, black and hard, articulations good. 
Tendency to cow-hock. Mane and tail not 
very full, although the prevalent custom of 
roaching the mane and clipping the tail makes 
it hard to decide. 
4. Another type, found mostly among the 
non-Christian tribes, is a small, stunted animal, 
the result of promiscuous breeding, poor food 
and little care. These animals seldom stand 
over 4 feet high—many will come within 
45 or 46 inches. They are mostly dun colored, 
rough coated; face narrow and sometimes 
inclined to that configuration which is called 
hatchet-face. They are inclined to be ewe- 
necked; chest narrow and weak, croup narrow 
and often sloping, hindquarters weak, rather 
cut legged and cow-hocked. Mane is short and 
bushy, having the appearance of being roached 
even when it is not; tail similar. The only 
redeeming feature in these horses is their 
hardiness and ability to exist on mountain 
grasses and other non-nutritious roughage 
throughout the year. 
5. The fifth type, not often seen, resembles 
the Nambu breed of Japan. The head is 
heavy and long with straight profile, neck 
straight, body long and slim, withers prominent, 
croup narrow and sloping, legs heavy with 
well-developed fetlock, front hoofs quite large 
and round, mane full and falling on both sides, 
tail full and long. 
The horses of Sulu and part of 
Mindanao might be considered to be 
a still different type, having, as I 
showed, a _ distinct ancestry. Their 
heads are broad with forehead inclined 
to be bumpy, ears rather long and set 
obliquely on the head, eyes large and 
far apart, neck thick, chest and shoul- 
ders well developed, withers strong 
but not prominent; profile straight, 
almost dished; muzzle square with large 
nostrils, body moderately long, croup 
sloping but not narrow. Hocks well 
placed together but not cow-hocked; 
legs rather short, hoofs oval, well- 
formed and hard. 
In color there is every possible 
variation, throughout the islands, but 
buckskin largely preponderates. There 
follow, in order, the bay, gray, piebald, 
of Heredity 
black, and a good many albinos. Ina 
census taken by the writer on one 
island, Catanduanes, where there are 
more than 3,000 horses, between 55 
and 60% of the horses were of the 
various shades of dun, varying from 
fallow to mouse. 
CONCLUSION 
In conclusion, I have endeavored to 
prove that the Philippine horse is not, 
as popularly supposed, a descendant 
of horses brought to the islands from 
Mexico and Spain by the Spanish, but 
that the bulk of the animals brought 
in by the early colonists were Chinese. 
I have also shown that horses existed 
in parts of the archipelago prior to the 
Spanish conquest, and I have endeay- 
ored to trace the ancestry of these to 
Malaya. I have pointed out that, in 
addition to China, other channels hith- 
erto almost unknown have poured 
equine blood into the Philippines; so 
that the horses of the islands today 
contain large or small amounts of 
characters from the Chinese, Japanese, 
Mexican (including various races enter- 
ing into the race so designated), Per- 
sian, Indian, Sumatran breeds. 
The data furnished have been ob- 
tained from the following sources: 
The Philippine Islands, by Blair and 
Robertson; a translation of the manu- 
script of the Archives of the Indies, 
at Madrid. 
History of Sulu, by M. M. Saleeby; 
based on original MS. (known as the 
Luntar) obtained from the Sultan of 
Sulu, and the Genealogy (Tarsila) of 
Sulu, obtained from Hajji Butu, prime 
minister to the present sultan. 
Archives of the executive bureau, 
Manila. 
I am particularly indebted to Dr. 
Saleeby for information personally 
furnished. 
New Oat Varieties for Maine 
After five years of selection, the 
Maine State Agricultural Experiment 
Station has isolated twelve pure lines 
of oats which it considers particularly 
valuable for local conditions. They are 
described in Bulletin 250 (May, 1916), 
the introduction to which gives an inter- 
esting account of “pure lines’ and the 
general principles governing cereal breed- 
ing in the light of genetics. 
