470 The Journal 
had three children by various negroes. 
So some negro and, doubtless, some 
Indian blood became in time dis- 
seminated through the whole population 
of the valley. 
“The progeny of such stock showed 
the expected reactions to their primi- 
tive environment. Some proved them- 
selves feebleminded, grew up inedu- 
cable, slovenly, and inefficient, ending 
their lives in the poorhouse. Some 
became vagrants, wandering hither and 
thither and sometimes disappearing 
from view altogether. Great numbers 
craved drink and regarded it as the 
greatest good and were unable to 
control in any degree their use of it 
as long as they had money or could be 
trusted for it. Great numbers saw no 
need of regulating and, indeed, many 
were unable to regulate their reactions 
to sex impulses; so that they lived lives 
of grossest promiscuity in sex relations. 
Some showed an ugly and quarrelsome 
disposition. Others, like Ann Eliza, 
became delusional and homicidal. In- 
deed, assault and battery, murder, and 
rape are rather common, especially 
among the illegitimate children of Ada. 
‘“Not only was much of the original 
stock bad, but improvement which 
might otherwise have occurred was 
prevented by constant inbreeding. The 
nervous weaknesses, the mental in- 
sufficiencies were thus brought together 
from both sides and mentally and 
morally defective offspring were ren- 
dered more certain. Some outbreeding 
there was and where it was with better 
stock, the progeny had better intelli- 
gence and emotional control and lines 
were founded that were able to hold a 
good position in organized society. 
“Such were the Jukes a generation or 
two ago, when Dugdale studied them.’’* 
In 1911 his original manuscript was 
found, giving the real names and 
localities of the members of the clan, 
and with this as a clue the Eugenics 
Record Office wisely started to bring 
the study up to date, through the 
agency of Arthur H. Estabrook, who 
had already made a somewhat similar 
of Heredity 
study of the ‘“‘Nam”’ family, another 
great group of cacogenics. 
FAMILY NOW SCATTERED 
The Jukes in Dugdale’s time had 
lived largely on the industry of cement 
mining in their county; shortly after- 
ward this was abandoned, with the 
introduction of Portland cement, and 
eventually almost the entire clan had to 
emigrate. Estabrook found it scattered 
over fourteen States, and personally 
visited every member whom he was 
able to trace. Dugdale had described 
709 individuals; Estabrook brought the 
number to 2,820, of whom 2,094 are of 
Juke blood; the others represent people © 
who have married into that family. 
In their original habitat the Jukes 
naturally had a bad environment— 
which they themselves had created. 
They likewise had a “bad name”’ and 
were of such evil repute that they were 
handicapped in business and _ social 
relations. When they left the valley, 
they went to places where their name 
was unknown and carried no stigma, 
where they had a fresh start and no 
handicaps. The Eugenics Record Office 
sought to determine what influence 
forty years of these varied environ- 
ments had had on the old stock. Did 
they become useful citizens when they 
had a fair chance and a square deal, 
or did they make a new but equally 
bad environment wherever they went? 
Estabrook’s book consists mainly of 
a detailed description of these people, 
including those found by Dugdale 
as well as those now living. It is 
accompanied by extensive genealogical 
charts. Dr. Davenport summarizes 
their record as follows: 
‘First, on the whole, the later de- 
scendants of the Jukes, in Connecticut, 
in New Jersey, even in Minnesota, 
still show the same feeblemindedness, 
indolence, licentiousness and dishonesty, 
even when not handicapped by the 
associations of their bad family name 
and despite the fact of being surrounded 
by better social conditions. This is 
because, wherever they go, they tend 
4The preceding paragraphs are from a preface which C. B. Davenport contributed to the 
work_under review. 
