The: Jukes in 1915 
removal, under which head he lists 118 
individuals who, before the age of 21, 
were placed in some institution (ex- 
cluding jail and prison). Even here, 
however, it may be doubted whether 
the environment of a poorhouse is a 
particularly elevating one, most of all 
when the individual is grown up before 
being taken there. The number of 
children of known parentage who were 
placed in a really good environment 
while very young is not great enough 
to warrant any conclusions. Dr. Esta- 
brook’s conclusions should be taken 
with reserves: 
“The institution, then, does not 
permanently improve the condition of 
some. These react afterwards in society 
as their sibs do who have not been in 
institutions. These have not inherited 
and so do not possess the potential 
traits which others can work upon and 
train. On the other hand, as has been 
stated above, many are helped and 
improved by institutional care and 
training. These individuals have a 
better inheritance and set of traits to 
develop and their better response to 
the new environment is due to the 
possession of those traits which can be 
molded and shaped by proper contact 
with others, so that in society they 
become good citizens.” 
The inferences are reasonable, but 
not adequately proved by the present 
evidence. 
PUNISHMENT A FAILURE 
Another 118 Jukes have been in 
penal institutions, and as the investi- 
gator remarks, “‘penal servitude as a 
cure for crime in the Juke family seems 
to have been a failure, as a feeble- 
minded person cannot be made normal 
through any sort of punishment.” 
Under the head of ‘‘eugenic matings” 
we are told that ‘‘a rough classifica- 
tion of the 399 fertile marriages among 
the Jukes gives 176 eugenic matings 
and 223 cacogenic matings. In the 
opinion of the writer, who has studied 
the people and their offspring, 55% of 
the matings are detrimental to the 
forward progress of the Juke family, 
while 45% may be considered eugenic 
or beneficial The standard of a 
473 
eugenic mating has been put low, as 
it is desired to give everyone the benefit 
of the effect of environment. Had these 
cacogenic matings been forbidden or if 
offspring had been prevented by sterili- 
zation, it is safe to say that in the next 
generation less than 5% of the whole 
offspring would have shown undesirable 
traits. As it is now, with unrestricted 
reproduction, over half the offspring 
either is mentally defective or has 
anti-social traits.”’ It is to be supposed 
that Dr. Estabrook made these state- 
ments after careful study, but to the 
superficial study of the reviewer they 
seem too sanguine, in view of the large 
number of anti-social traits that are 
recessive. The so-called eugenic mat- 
ings may be of immediate benefit to the 
Juke family, but it is to be feared that 
in the long run many of them will be 
highly detrimental to the nation at 
large. 
Finally, as to the bill which the law- 
abiding citizens of the State must pay: 
Dugdale estimated a loss to society 
by the Juke family from 1800 to 1875 of 
$1,250,000, not including the drink 
bill. In the ensuing forty years Esta- 
brook thinks the bill has grown to 
$2,093,685. ‘If the drink bill is added, 
this total becomes $2,516,685. It is 
estimated that $648,000 of pension 
money has been paid to the Jukes. 
Much, if not most, of this has been 
spent for whisky and the rest has 
furnished support which in most cases 
would otherwise have been furnished 
by pauper relief.” 
To counterbalance this, there are 
the earnings of the few Jukes who have 
been really productive. Three indi- 
viduals are particularly mentioned, 
whose total earnings are believed to be 
$160,000; others have been self-support- 
ing but little more. On the whole, 
there is very little offset to the bill. 
In a more eugenic age, such a clan as 
the Jukes will be looked on by Society 
as an unnecessary luxury. 
Finally, Estabrook’s general sum- 
mary will be given in full, although the 
reviewer thinks some of the statements 
need qualification: 
“The primary aim of this work is to 
present the facts of the lives of the 
