180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF 



Jenyns, Manual, 1835, 213. Bonaparte, Comp. List, 1838, 49. Schinz. 



Europ. Faun. 1840, i. 326. Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn. 1842, ii. 67, 



Dekay, N. Y. F. 1844, 243, tab. 85, fig. 194, et, tab. 97, fig. 218. Schlegel, 



Rev. Crit. 1844, 88. Gray, Genera, 1849, iii. 579. Degland, Orn. Eur. 



1849, ii. 219. Bonaparte, Rev. Crit. 1850, 185. Parzudaki, Cat. Ois. Eur. 



1859, 14. Meyer, Brit. Birds, 1857, v. 67. Cassin, Gen. Rep. 1858, 715. 

 Tringa ferruginea, Brunnich, Orn. Bor. 1764, 53. Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. 1819, 



xsxiv. 466. 

 Tringa chicrea, Brunnich, Orn. Bor. 1764, 53. Latham, Ind. Orn. 1790, ii. 733. 



Pennant, Arct. ZooL 1785, 474. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, i. pars ii. 673. 



Wilson, Am. Orn. 1813, vii. 36, tab. Ivii. fig. 2; id. Ord. Ed. 1829, ilL 



142; id. Brewer. Ed. 1840, 482, fig. 224; ibid. Syn. 725. Lichtenstein, 



Verz. 1823, 72. Lesson, Man. d'Orn. 1828, ii. 283. Swainson, F. B. A. 



1831, ii. 387. Nuttall, Man. Orn. 1834, ii. 125. 

 ?Tringa ai/siralis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, i. pars ii. 679. Latham, Ind. Orn 



1790, ii. 737. 

 Tringa ncevia, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, i. pars ii. 681. Latham, Ind. Orn. 1790, 



ii. 732. Pennant, Arct. Zool. 1785, ii. 480. 

 Tringa grisea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, i. pars. ii. 681. Latham, Ind. Orn. 1790, 



ii. 733. 

 Tringa islandica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, i. pars. ii. 682. Latham, Ind. Orn. 



1790, ii. 737. Pennant, Arct. Zool. 1785, ii. 476. Audubon, Orn. Biog. 



1838, iv. 130, tab. 315; id. Syn. 1839, 232; id. Birds Amer. 1842, v. 254, 



tab. 328. Giraud, Birds L. I. 1844, 224. Holboll, Fauna Green. 1846, 38. 



Nilsson, Scand. Faun. 1858, ii. 252. 

 Tringa nifa, Wilson, Am. Orn. 1813, vii. 43, tab. Ivii. fig. 5 ; id. Ord. Ed. 1829, 



iii. 140 ; id. Brew. Ed. 1840, 487, fig. 227 ; ibid. Syn. 725. 

 Tringa (Tringa) canuiiis, Bonaparte, Cat. Met. 1842, 61. 

 Tringa {Tringa) islandica, Bonaparte, Speech. Comp. 1827, 62. 

 Tringa (Tringa) rufa, Bonaparte, Obs. Wils. 1825, 93. 



Sp. Char. — Largest of North American Tringco'. Bill stout, straight, rather 

 longer than the head, upper mandible widely and deeply grooved to the expan- 

 sion at tip. Feathers extending on lower mandible much farther than on upper, 

 and nearly as far as those between the rami. First primary decidedly longest; 

 tail short, nearly even ; legs short, stout; tarsus usually shorter than the bill, 

 but much exceeding the middle toe. Adult in spring. Upper parts brownish- 

 black, each feather broadly tipped and edged with ashy white, tinged with 

 reddish yellow on the scapulars. Rump dark ash, transversely banded with 

 dusky ; upper tail coverts white, with transverse sagittate or crescentic 

 bars of brownish black. Tail greyish ash, edged with ashy white. Outer 

 webs and tips of primaries deep dusky, the inner much lighter. Secondaries 

 and coverts greyish ash, broadly edged and tipped with ashy white. Line over 

 the eye and entire under parts a uniform deep brownish-red, fading into white 

 on the sides posteriorly and the under tail coverts, which latter are marked 

 with sagittate spots of dusky. Legs and feet greenish black. Young in autumn. 

 Upper parts a uniform dark ash, or cinereous, each feather tipped with ashy or 

 pure white, and having a sub-terminal edging of dusky black. Indistinct line 

 over the eye, and whole under parts white, more or less tinged with light red- 

 dish, and the throat, breast and sides with rather sparse, irregularly disposed 

 lines and spots of dusky, which become transverse waved bars on the latter. 



Length 105, extent 20-5, wing 6-4, tail 2-7. Bill about 1-4, tarsus 1-2, 

 middle toe 1 inch. Tibia bare -6. 



Ealitat. — Atlantic coast of North America ; Europe. 



This is the largest of the Sandpipers, and, though exceeding all others in the 

 variation of plumage to which it is subject, may yet be easily recognized in all 

 stages by its generic characters, which differ in some marked particulars from 

 those of any other bird of the section. In the above diagnosis are given the 



[July, 



