NATURAL SCEENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 537 



elongated and more deeplj- forked, and contained only about twice in tiie wing. 

 Feet short and stout, black ; tarsi about two-thirds the bill, or rather less ; as 

 long as, or slightly longer than, the middle toe and claw. Webs moderately 

 incised, the inner the most so. Hind toe very short. 



This genus, as at present constituted, is chiefly distinguished from Sterna by 

 its large size and general robust form, stout bill and feet, and (in typical spe- 

 cies) much shorter and less forked tail. In the preceding diagnosis I have 

 been obliged to define the genus with considerable latitude from the somewhat 

 dissimilar types at ])re3ent retained in it. Thus, if we take the Th. caspius, 

 and Th. cantiacus,v>\nc\i may be considered as representing the two extremes of 

 form, we shall find great discrepancies in such important features as shape and 

 robustness of bill, amount of emargination of tail, &c. ; and regarding these 

 extremes alone, might well be inclined to separate them. Examination, how- 

 ever, of intermediate species, such as T. rcgius and elegans, of North America, 

 T. ve!ox, of Europe, &c., will show so gradual a transition in nearly every 

 feature, from one extreme to the other, that it becomes exceedingly difficult to 

 draw a line which shall naturally divide the group into two or more genera. 

 In view of the above facts, I prefer, for the present at least, to retain the several 

 species under a single genus, as they certainly do differ, markedly, from Sterna 

 in important characteristics, although presenting the above discrepancies among 

 themselves. 



It is not impossible, however, that T. caspius, with one or two other very 

 closely allied species from various parts of the world, may be, without impro- 

 priety, separated generically from the others. This species is typical of a 

 group, all intimately allied, which are pre-eminently distinguished by their ex- 

 ceedingly large, high, robust bills, very stout feet, remarkably short tails, — the 

 lateral feathers of which are scarcely at all elongated, and are not tapering nor 

 acuminate, — and general large powerful form. The genus might, by the exclu- 

 sion of this form, be greatly restricted, and much more rigidly defined. 



Of the five synonyms given at the head of this article, all, with the exception 

 of Acfochelidoti, (the type of which is S. cuntiaca, Gm.) are based upon S. cas- 

 pius, Pallas. Of these Thalasseus, of Boie, has priority in point of date, and 

 is the name to be adopted for the genus. Boie's genus, however, is considered 

 to be based upon S. caspius, merely from the fact of that species being the first 

 mentioned, no particular type being indicated. In the event of the separation 

 of S. caspius and its intimate allies, above suggested, it might be well to apply 

 the name Jlydroprof/nc to the restricted group, Thalasseus being used to desig- 

 nate the remaining species. In view of the very slight reasons for considering 

 Thalasseus as having special reference to S. caspius, such a procedure would be 

 hardly, if at all, an infringement on the rules of notuenclatare, and would ob- 

 viate the necessity of presenting rcyia, clegans and their congeners under a 

 generic designation not before employed, — viz. : Actochelidon. 



Thalasseus caspius Boie ex Pall. 

 Sterna tschegrava, Lepechin, Nov. Com. Pet. xiv. p. 500. 

 Sterna caspia, Pallas, Nov. Com. Pet. xiv. p. 582. Lawrence, Gen. Rep. Birds, 



1838, p. 859, and of most authors. 

 Thalasseus caspius, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. 

 Hydroprogne caspia, Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw., 1829, p. 91. 

 Helopus caspius, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1224. 

 S'jlochelidon caspia, Brehm, Bonaparte, Comp. List, 1838. Lawrence, Proc. N. 



Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., 1850, v. 37. 

 Sterna megarhynchos, Meyer, Taschenb. Deuts., ii. p. 457. 



DiAG. — T. rostro maximo, robustissimo, rubro ; palpebris inferioribus albis > 

 remigibus griseo-fuscis, supra argentatis, nee intus albis ; cauda breviore, 

 emarginata; pedibus validissimis, nigris, digito medio cum ungue tarso 

 breviore. 



1862.] 



