70 2. TAXACEAE — 3. PINACEAE 



CLASS II. CONIFERAE 



FAMILY 2. TAXACEAE 



Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves alternate, Hnear or 

 linear-lanceolate. Flowers solitary or the male umbellate, dioecious, without 

 a perianth. Stamens with 2 — 9 pollen-sacs. Carpels free, one-ovuled, shorter 

 than the seeds, sometimes rudimentary. Seeds i — 2, drupe-like, surrovmded 

 by a fleshy aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons. — Genera 2, species 

 9. (Under CONIFERAE.) 



Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs and a triangular blade. Pollen-grains with 

 air-bladders. Carpels distinctly developed. Ovoile inverted, with two 

 coats. Aril enveloping the seed. Leaves with resin-ducts. — Species 

 8. South and East Africa, Madagascar, Island of St. Thomas. They 

 yield timber and bark for tanning. (Including Nageia Gaertn.) [Sub- 

 family PODOCARPOIDEAE.] Podocarpus L' Her. 



Stamens with 5 — 9 pollen-sacs and a peltate blade. Pollen-grains without 

 air-bladders. Carpels rudimentary. Ovule straight, with one coat. 

 Aril cup-shaped. Leaves without resin-ducts. — Species i. North-west 

 Africa. A poisonous, medicinal and ornamental plant, with hard wood. 

 " Yew." [Subfamily TAXOIDEAE] Taxus L. 



FAMILY 3. PINACEAE 



Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves needle- or scale-like. 

 Flowers unisexual, without a perianth. Stamens in catkins, with 2 — 5 pollen- 

 sacs below the scale-like limb. Carpels arranged in the shape of a cone or bud, 

 leathery woody or fleshy, when ripe. Ovules 2 or more to each carpel, rarely 

 only I. Seeds hidden by the carpels, without an aril. Embryo with 2 or more 

 free cotyledons. — Genera 6, species 25. (Under CON IF ERA E.) (Plate 2.) 



1. Leaves alternate (as are also the floral leaves), but sometimes fascicled, 



needle-like. Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains with air- 

 bladders. Carpels divided into an inner and an outer scale, leathery 

 or woody when ripe. Ovules and seeds 2 to each carpel ; ovules turned 



downwards. [Tribe ABIETINEAE.] 2 



Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens with 3 — 5, very rarely 2 pollen- 

 sacs. Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Ovules turned upwards. 

 [Tribe CUPRESSINEAE.j 4 



2. Shoots all alike (all long). Leaves sohtary, flat. Pollen-sacs opening 



obliquely or transversely ; connective without an appendage. Cones 

 ripening the first year ; scales leathery. — Species 2. North-west 

 Africa. The wood and the resin are used, the latter especially for the 



preparation of turpentine. " Silver fir." Abies Juss. 



Shoots of two kinds, long and short. Leaves of the short shoots in clusters 

 of two or more, surrounded by scales when young. Pollen-sacs opening 

 longitudinally ; connective with an appendage. Cones lipening the 

 second or third year ; scales woody 3 



