3. PINACEAE — 4. GNETACEAE 7I 



3. Leaves all needle-like ; those of the short shoots in clusters of many ; those 



of the long shoots scattered. Flowers inserted upon short shoots, 

 the males sohtary. Cone-scales flat, imbricate, without a terminal 

 appendage, deciduous. — Species 2. North-west Africa. They yield 

 timber and medicinal drugs. " Cedar." .... Cedrus Loud. 

 Leaves of the short shoots needle-like, in clusters of two or three, very 

 rarely solitary ; leaves of the long shoots scale-like. Male flowers in 

 spikes replacing short shoots ; female flowers towards the end of the 

 branches, replacing long shoots. Cone-scales thick, with a terminal 

 umbonate appendage, persistent. — Species 4. North Africa; also natural- 

 ized in South Africa and St. Helena. Wood, bark, and resin are used 

 for carpenters' and joiners' work, for tanning and for the manufacture 

 of paper, tar, pitch, colophony, turpentine, and other chemical products, 

 as well as in medicine. The seeds of some species (especially those of 

 the stone-pine, P. Pinea L.) are edible. " Pine." . . . Pinus L. 



4. Fruit fleshy, berry- or drupe-like. Seeds not winged, as many as the carpels 



or fewer. Leaves usually needle-like. — ■ Species 9. North and East 

 Africa. They yield wood, bark for tanning, resin, an essential oil, 

 brandy (gin), and medicines; some are used as ornamental plants. 

 (Including Arcetcihos Ant. & Kotschy and Sahina Spach). Juniperus L. 

 Fruit woody, cone-like. Seeds wmged, as many as the carpels or more. 

 Leaves usually scale-like 5 



5. Carpels 4, valve-like, separating at the apex when ripe, i — -lo-seeded. — 



Species 8, one of them only naturaU/:ed. North, South, and southern 

 East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. Some of them (especially 

 C quadrivalvis Vent.) yield timber and resin (sandarac) which is used 

 for the preparation of lacquer, varnish, cement, and in medicine. (In- 

 cludmg TetracUnis Mast, and Widdringtonia Endl.) (Plate 2.) 



Callitris Vent. 



Carpels 8 — 10, peltate, separating at the margins when ripe, many-seeded. 



— Species i. Cultivated in North Africa as an ornamental plant and 



sometimes naturalized. It yields timber and is used in medicine. 



" Cypress." Cupressus L. 



CLASS m. GNETALES 



FAMILY 4. GNETACEAE 



Stem woody. Juice not resmous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Flowers 

 in spikes or panicles or the female solitary, unisexual, but the male sometimes 

 with rudimentary ovules. Perianth of the male flowers tubular or 2 — 4-parted, 

 of the female bladder-hke. Stamens 2 — 8. Ovule i, erect, straight. Embryo 

 with 2 cotyledons. — Genera 3 species 8. North and Central Africa. 



I. Stem turnip-shaped, very short. Leaves 2, very large, sessile, Hnear, with 

 parallel nerves. Flowers in panicled spikes ; the male consisting of 



