219- RÜBIACEAE 521 



41. Calyx-limb distinctly developed, 4 — 6-cleft. Corolla pink or lilac. Stamens 



4. Flowers in heads. Stem prostrate. — Species i. North Africa. 



Yields a dye-stuff Sherardia Dill. 



Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting, rarely of 4 free minute teeth. ... 42 



42. Flowers in spikes. Corolla-lobes with an inflexed appendage. Stamens 



4 — 5. Ovules attached at the base of the partition of the ovary. — 

 Species 7. North Africa. Used medicinally. . . Crucianella L. 

 Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes. Stamens 4. Ovules attached 

 near the middle of the partition. — Species 5. North-west Africa. 

 They (especially A. odorata L., woodruff) yield dyes, vermin-poison, 

 condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. 



Asperula L. 



43. Flowers subtended by a large involucral bract, in few-flowered, axillary 



cymes. Stamens 3 — 4. Ovary with a fertile and a sterile cell. — 



Species 2. North Africa Callipeltis Stev. 



Flowers without an involucral bract 44 



44. Pedicels connate in threes, thick, spinous, enclosing the fruit. Flowers 



axillary, polygamous-monoecious. Corolla 3-lobed in the male flowers, 



4-lobed in the female and hermaphrodite. Fruit dry, one-seeded. — 



Species 2. North Africa and northern East Africa. Vaillantia L. 



Pedicels not connate and either not spinous or not enclosing the fruit. . 45 



45. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 5, rarely 4. -^- Species 10. Some of them yield 



dyes and medicaments. " Madder." Rubia L. 



Fruit dry. Stamens 4, rarely 3. — Species 60. Some of them yield 

 dyes, condiments, or medicaments. (Including Aspera Moench) 



Galium Tourn. 



46. (39.) Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft. Fruit separating into 3 nutlets. 



Calyx-limb 5 — 6-partite. Corolla-lobes 4 — 5. Flowers in terminal 

 heads. — Species i. Naturalized in East and South Africa. Used in 



medicine. {Richardia Bartl.) Richardsonia L. 



Ovary 2-celled 47 



47. Fruit indehiscent, not separating into mericarps. Flowers solitary or 



three together in the axils of the leaves 48 



Fruit dehiscent or separating into mericarps 49 



48. Pericarp corky. Flowers rather large. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla broadly 



funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy at the throat. — Species 2. South Africa 



and Madagascar. They yield dye-stuffs. . . . Hydrophylax L. f. 



Pericarp bony. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes 7 — 8. Corolla salver-shaped, 



5-lobed. Style 2-cleft. — Species i. Madagascar. Gomphocalyx Bak. 



49. Fruit separating into indehiscent mericarps 50 



Fruit dehiscent. Inflorescences head-like 51 



50. Pericarp very thin, adnate to the seed. Low shrubs. Leaves hnear 



or subulate, stiff. Flowers sohtary or in cymes or spikes. — Species 6. 

 North Africa and northern Central Africa. . . Gaillonia A. Rich. 



