534 221. VALERIANACEAE — 222. DIPSACACEAE 



FAMILY 221. VALERIANACEAE 



Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or all radical, without stipules. 

 Inflorescence cymose. Calyx not distinctly developed at the time of flowering. 

 Petals 5, united below. Stamens i — 3, attached to the corolla-tube. Anthers 

 turned inwards. Ovary inferior, with 3 cells, two of which are empty and 

 sometimes rudimentary. Ovule i, pendulous, inverted. Style simple ; 

 stigma entire or 3-parted. Seed exalbuminous ; embryo straight. — Genera 

 4, species 35. (Plate 146.) 



1. Stamen i. Corolla spurred. Calyx-limb developing into a feathery 



pappus crowning the fruit. Fruit i-celled. — Species 5. North Africa. 



Used as ornamental plants Centranthus DC. 



Stamens 2 — 3. Corolla not spurred, but sometimes gibbous. ... 2 



2. Stamens 2, more rarely 3, two of which are united. Corolla 2-lipped ; 



tube long, with a minute gibbosity near the base. Calyx-limb toothed. 

 Branches of the inflorescence thickened. — Species 4. North-west 



Africa Fedia Moench 



Stamens 3, free. Corolla not 2-lipped 3 



3. Calyx-limb rolled inwards at the time of flowering, developing afterwards 



into a pappus of feathery bristles. Fruit i-celled. Corolla-tube usually 

 gibbous. Perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves divided. — Species 

 5. North-west, East, and South Africa. Used as medicinal or orna- 

 mental plants. (Plate 146.) Valeriana L. 



Calyx-limb entire or toothed. Corolla-tube without a distinct gibbosity. 

 Annual herbs. — Species 20. North and South Africa and northern 

 East Africa. Some species, especially V. olitoria Poll., are used as 

 salad. " Cornsalad." Valerianella Haller 



FAMILY 222. DIPSACACEAE * 



Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers in 

 heads ; each flower with an epicalyx embracing the .ovary. Petals 4 — 5, 

 united below. Stamens 2 — 4. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, i- 

 celled. Ovule i, pendulous, inverted. Style simple ; stigma entire or 2- 

 parted. Fruit enclosed by the epicalyx, dry, indehiscent. Seed albuminous ; 

 embryo straight. — Genera 7, species 50. (Plate 147.) 



1. Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, usually stiff and smaller than the 



scales of the receptacle. Calyx-teeth numerous. Corolla-lobes 4. 



Stigma entire. — Species 15. (Plate 147.) . . Cephalaria Schrad. 



Involucral bracts in i — 3 rows 2 



2. Involucral bracts united. Epicalyx with 8 pits near the apex. Calyx- 



teeth 5. Stigma entire. — Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under 



Scahiosa L.) Pycnocomon Hoffmsg. & Link 



Involucral bracts free 3 



