226. COMPOSITAE 549 



Pappus wanting. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves undivided. — Species 

 15. South Africa CuUumia R. Br 



38. Involucral bracts united at the base or up to halfway. Fruits clothed 



with long hairs 39 



Involucral bracts united high up. Receptacle with shallow pits. Herbs. 



40 



39. Receptacle with deep pits. Pappus of two unequally long rows of scales. 



Herbs. — Species 7. South and Central Africa. Berkheyopsis O. Hoffm. 



Receptacle with shallow pits. Pappus a small crown of bristles or wanting. 



Shrubs. — Species 3. South Africa Hirpicium Cass. 



40. Involucral bracts hardened and prickly at the time of maturity. Pappus 



formed of one-ranked scales or wanting. Fruits nearly glabrous. — 



Species 4. South Africa Gorteria L. 



Involucral bracts unchanged at maturity. Pappus formed of usually 

 two-ranked scales. Fruits clothed with long hairs. — Species 35. 

 South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental 

 plants. [Meridiana Hill) Gazania Gaertn. 



41. (32.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flower-heads collected 



in clusters. Flowers red or violet. Corolla-tube short. Leaves 



pinnately divided. [Subtiibe gundelinae.] 42 



Receptacle rarely with scales between the flowers, and then flower-heads 

 not in clusters 43 



42. Involucral bracts united below. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves cauline, 



prickly. — Species i. North Africa Gundelia L. 



Involucral bracts free. Pappus of unequal scales. Leaves radical. — 

 Species 3. South and Central Africa Platycarpha Less. 



43. Heads i-flowered, collected in globose secondary heads. Partial in- 



volucres of many bracts and bristles. Flowers blue or white. Anthers 

 tailed. Pappus present. Leaves toothed or divided. — Species 20. 

 Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. " Globe- 

 thistle." {Sphaerocephalus L.) Echinops L. 



Heads several-flowered, rareh' i-flowered but not arranged in heads. . 44 



44. Fruits with a lateral or at least distinctly oblique point of attachment. 



[Subtribe centaureinae.] 4.'> 



Fruits with a basal, straight or nearly straight point of attachment. . 51 



45. Heads surrounded outside the calyx-like involucre by an involucre of 



leaves. Leaves prickly. 4^ 



Heads without an outer involucre of leaves, rarely {Centaurea) surrounded 

 by some unarmed leaves 4^ 



46. Pappus double, of two unequally long rows of bristles. Fruits ribbed. 



Heads containing hermaphrodite and male flowers. Flowers yellow. — 

 Species i. North Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Used 



medicinally. {Carhenia Adans.) Cnicus Gaertn. 



Pappus simple or wanting 47 



