550 226. COMPOSITAE 



47. Pappus of feathery bristles. Flowers blue, all hermaphrodite. — Species 



13. North Africa and northern East Africa. . . Carduncellus fuss» 

 Pappus of not feathery bristles or scales, or wanting — Species 15 North 

 Africa and northern East Africa ; two of the species also naturalized 

 in South Africa. Some species (chiefly the safflower, C. tinctorius L.) 

 yield dyes, oil, and medicaments. (Including Kentrophyllum Neck.) 



Carthamus L. 



48. Fruits with a threefold border towards the top. Pappus of scales and 



bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers 

 white or yellow. Involucral bracts appendaged. Leaves undivided. — 



Species i. North-east Africa (Egypt) Zoegea L. 



Fruits with a simple border at the top 49 



49. Fruits with a crenate ring within the pappus, hairy ; pappus of scales and 



bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers 



red. Involucral bracts unappendaged. Leaves pinnately divided into 



narrow segments. — Species i. North Africa. . . Crupina Cass. 



Fruits without a crenate ring within the pappus, or without an}' pappus. 50 



50. Involucral bracts with a scarious or prickly appendage, rarely without an 



appendage, and then pappus consisting of unequally long scales or 

 double. — Species 90. North and Central Africa ; two of the species 

 naturalized in South Africa. Several species yield edible roots or medica- 

 ments or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Aegialophila Boiss. & 

 Heldr., Amherhoa DC, Leitzea DC, Melanoloma Cass., Microlonchiis 

 Cass., Phaeopappus Boiss., Rhaponticum Lam., and Volutarella Cass.) 



Centaurea L. 

 Involucral bracts without a scarious or prickly appendage, but sometimes 

 with a small point. Pappus of unequally long bristles. — Species 4. 

 North Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments. " Sawwort." 



Serratula L. 



51. (44.) Fruits, at least the central ones, clothed with silky hairs, not margined 



at the apex. [Subtribe carlininae.] 52 



Fruits glabrous, usually margined at the apex. [Subtribe car- 

 DuiNAE.] 56 



52. Pappus formed of feathery scales or bristles. Outer bracts of the involucre 



leaf-like, usually prickly, inner scarious at the apex. Leaves prickly. 53 

 Pappus formed of not feathery scales 54 



53. Inner involucral bracts spreading horizontally, petal-like. Flower-heads 



large. — Species 7. North Africa. Some are used medicinalh^ 



Carlina L. 

 Inner involucral bracts not spreading horizontally. Herbs. (See 34.) 



Atractylis L. 



54. Heads solitary, containing fertile hermaphrodite disc-flowers with a regular 



corolla and sterile female ray-flowers with a two-lipped corolla. Inner 

 involucral bracts long, usually petal-like. Leaves entire, not prickly. 

 — Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. 



Xeranthemum L. 



