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The Journal of Heredity- 



there is no possibility of using it to 

 make even rouj^h indi\-idual predictions. 

 On the other hand, if a population were 

 divided into those with large and those 

 with small heads, there would probably 

 be a very slight balance of average in- 

 telligence in the former group. The 

 length of head is more closely asso- 

 ciated with intelligence than is the 

 breadth, and the breadth than the 

 auricular height, but none of these 

 measurements is of any value for indi- 

 \-idual character determination. 



A long series of other tests was then 

 made . ' ' Judging the series as a whole , ' ' 

 Professor Pearson says, "it seems im- 

 possible to use any of the physical 

 ineasurements to estimate intelligence 

 from. Hair color is practically as good 

 as head length or breadth, and eye 

 color as good as auricular height, and 

 even all these are more important than 

 the age influence. Health and temper 

 have more relation to the intelligence 

 than any of the physical measurements 

 we have made, while the intelligent child 

 is popular, athletic, and markedly con- 

 scientious. Handwriting is doubly as 

 good a test of intelligence as any head 

 measurement." 



"Looked at broadly our tal)lc seems 

 to justify fully current common-sense 

 methods of estimating intelligence. 

 Give weight to health, temper, physique, 

 jjopularity, handwriting, and above all 

 conscientiousness, in seeking friend, 

 assistant, or servant, and in doing this 

 you will most i)robably obtain intelli- 

 gence also. If \ou wish to take anthro- 

 ]jometric characters into account — and 

 they are not worth mvich — hair and eye 

 color will be as valuable as head measure- 

 ments, and you need not produce the 

 calipers in order to observe them!" 



After reviewing his studies of school 

 children in detail. Professor Pearson 

 concludes : 



THE intp:lligent boy 



"To sum up, then: While no charac- 

 ters in school children .so far dealt with 

 show very high correlation with intelli- 

 gence, we may yet say that the intelli- 

 gent boy is markedly conscientious, is 



moderately robust, athletic and popu- 

 lar; he tends rather to quick than to 

 sullen temper. He is more self-con- 

 conscious and quieter than the dull 

 boy; he has a slightly bigger head, and 

 possibly lighter pigmentation than those 

 of more mediocre intelligence. His hair 

 has a larger ])ercentage of curlincss. 



"The intelligent girl is also markedly 

 conscientious, moderately robust, ath- 

 letic and ])opular. She, too, tends to 

 quick rather than sullen temper. She 

 is less self-conscious than the dull girl, 

 and noisier than the girl of mediocre 

 intelligence. It is the slow girl who is 

 quiet and shy. The intelligent girl has 

 a slightly bigger head than the dull 

 girl, and her hair is more likely to be 

 wavy and much less likely to be curly. 



"It may possibly be hinted that these 

 results are of little significance, and had 

 they not been so, they could still have 

 been deduced — without elaborate statis- 

 tics — from the impressions of a careful 

 and observant teacher. It may be so, 

 but much of science is the verification or 

 refutation of opinions and impressions, 

 and the mainly negative conclusions of 

 this paper ])lace at any rate on a sounder 

 quantitative basis the view that even 

 for the mass, and therefore much more 

 for the individual, little can be judged 

 as to intelligence from the more obvious 

 anthropometric measurements and the 

 more easily noted psychical characters of 

 children. 



"The onus of ])roof that other 

 measurements and more subtle ])sychical 

 observations would lead to more definite 

 results may now, I think, be left to 

 those who a priori regard such associa- 

 tion as probable. Personally, the result 

 of the ])resent inquiry has convinced me 

 that there is little relationship between 

 the external physical, and the psychical 

 characters in man." 



OTHER STUDIES 



More recent studies have not re- 

 quired any important modification 

 of Professor Pearson's conclusions. 

 Measurements of the brain itself have 

 failed to reveal any constant relation 

 between size and intelligence.* Ameri- 



' Biometrical Studies of Man. I, Variation and Correlation in Brain Weight. By Raymond 

 Pearl, Ph.D. Biomelrika, iv, pp. 13-105. London, 1905. 



