Severson: Color Inheritance in Swine 



381 



hair, it is evident that this sow carried 

 a germinal factor for the red color. 

 The Berkshire is claimed to possess 

 heredity for red, but in this case there 

 is no apparent ground for believing 

 that sow No. 1 did not possess factors 

 for three colors, black, white and red. 



In the case of the cross bred sow 

 No. II a h'tter of ten pigs resulted from 

 a mating with the same Berkshire boar 

 that sired the litter of cross bred sow 

 No. I. This sow possessed a red body 

 and was spotted black. Like sow No. I, 

 sow No. II changed noticeably in color 

 after one year of age; as she matured 

 the red hair on the belly and face be- 

 came a pale yellow. The litter from 

 sow No. II was more uniform in color 

 than that from sow No. I. Two pigs 

 were red with black spots, four were 

 black with white spots and four were 

 reddish black with white spots. 



Apparently there seems to be a rever- 

 sion of dominance in color of sows No. 

 I and II. In the case of No. I the black 

 replaces the usual red body color and 

 white replaces the usual black spots of 

 the Berkshire Duroc Jersey cross. In 

 sow No. II, which had the usual red body 

 with black spots, the white hair was 

 either recessive or inhibited by some 



other factor. In the case of sow No. I 

 the factor for longitudinal body stripes 

 possessed by the wild boar may have 

 inhibited the expression of her red 

 factor. The fact that she did show a 

 hght streak of red over the dorsal region 

 of the neck leads to this suspicion. 



COLOR IN OTHER CROSSES 



My observations with reference to the 

 color shown in the crossing of the various 

 breeds in the Fi generation are as follows : 



1. Berkshire x Tamworth. 



Red (darker than Duroc Jersey) with 

 black spots. 



2. Berkshire x Duroc Jersey. 



Red (varying shades) with black spots. 

 Black (rare) with white spots. 



3. Berkshire x Yorkshire. 



White (solid). 



White with black spots (rare). 



4. Yorksiiire x Tamworth. 



White (solid) with reddish tint. 



5. Yorkshire x Duroc Jersey. 



White (soUd) with reddish tint. 



6. Berkshire x Chester White. 



White (sohd). 



White with spotted black (high pro- 

 portion). 



These observations do not agree with 

 the general opinion and statements that 

 the self white of the Yorkshire is com- 

 pletely dominant over the red of the 

 Tamworth and Duroc Jersey. 



A Classical Study of Criminals 



Considerable progress is being made 

 on the problem of heredity vs. environ- 

 ment, by exact methods of investiga- 

 tion, J. B. Miner remarks in the May 

 issue of the Psychologicial Bulletin. 

 He thinks that Goring's fundamental 

 research in this field is so important 

 that it should be more generally avail- 

 able. This research covered scores of 

 measurements and objective facts about 

 three thousand British convicts. It 

 took about ten years to complete. 

 The conclusions rest upon the most 

 complete treatment of the data under 

 the advice of Karl Pearson of the 

 Biometric Laboratory. It is a classi- 

 cal example of the importance of mul- 

 tiple correlation in resolving complex 

 problems. It first thoroughly refutes 

 the claims of the school of Lombroso 

 as to the existence of a physical crim- 

 inal tj'pe by showing that over thirty 



^Castle's "Genetics and Eugenics," p. 137. 



suggested physical characteristics are 

 not related to criminality. Goring then 

 demonstrates that criminality runs in 

 families, but mainly through its rela- 

 tion to intellectual deficiency, which 

 shows a correlation of .66 with crimin- 

 ality. Through deficiency it becomes 

 associated with alcoholism, epilepsy 

 and social profiigacy. Moreover, numer- 

 ous external factors, such as example 

 in the home, schooling, size of famil}^, 

 economic and employment conditions, 

 were found to have no significant rela- 

 tion to frequency or length of imprison- 

 ment. The correlations indicated that 

 " . . . relatively to its origin in the 

 constitution of the malefactor, and 

 especially in his mentally defective 

 constitution, crime in this country is 

 only to a trifling extent (if to any) the 

 product of social inequality, or of 

 adverse environment ..." 



