524 



The Journal of Heredity 



this statement is at once api)arent on 

 considerint^ the resuUs of crossing Short- 

 horns which are white with red points 

 with self black Galloways or An^ais 

 cattle. These very common crosses 

 produce blue roan calves. The white 

 pattern is the same as in Shorthorn 

 roans thou^^h the color is chan<j;ed. 



As to the j^enetic relations between 

 black, red and white, two views are 

 held. Wilson^ has argued that black, 

 red and white as well as most other cat- 

 tle colors belong to the same series of 

 allelomorphs or "polygamous factors." 

 His scheme is as follows: 



BB —black 



BR— black RR— red 



BVV — blue roan RW — red roan WW — white 



On this hypothesis no blue roan (BW) 

 should be able to transmit red. Tliis 

 should be possible on the hypothesis 

 of independent factors as given under 

 "Factor Combination" at the head of 

 this article. Lloyd-Jones and Evvard 

 report on the cross of white and red roan 

 Shorthorns with black Galloways. Fi 

 consisted mainly of blue roans (from 

 white sire) or blue roan and blacks 

 (from red roan sire) . The blue roans in 

 Fi must be BW on Wilson's hypothesis, 

 EeWw on the hypothesis of indepen- 

 dence. In F2, twenty-six calves were 

 obtained of which six were reds of some 

 sort (four solid red, one red and white, 

 one red roan). This result obtained 

 under experimental conditions seems 

 thoroughly sufficient to establish the 

 hypothesis of independence, and even 

 the absence of appreciable coupling 

 between E and W. Furthermore, the 

 production of whites with black cars 

 and muzzles (presumably EeWW) but 

 which on Wilson's hypothesis must be 

 identical in formula with the red-eared 

 white ancestor is pretty conclusive as to 

 independence of the white pattern and 

 the quality of the pigment it inhibits. 



PIEBALD PATTERNS 



Piebald patterns, running from a bit 

 of white on the switch or underline as in 



some Galloways to a nearly black-eyed 

 white condition as in some Ayrshires, are 

 very common in cattle. It is generally 

 agreed that this white is inherited inde- 

 pendently of the character of the ground 

 color and can be transmitted from a red 

 breed to a black one and vice versa. The 

 white-faced black cables that result from 

 crossing the white-faced red Herefords 

 with the solid black Angus are familiar 

 examjjles. Boyd» has showTi that Here- 

 ford by bison produces white-faced 

 hybrids usually black or dark brindle. 

 As regards the mode of inheritance, how- 

 ever, there is little which can be con- 

 sidered established. The cross cited 

 above indicates at least partial domi- 

 nance but, of course, does not prove 

 unit Mendelian inheritance. In Short- 

 horns, neither Wilson nor Wentworth 

 could find any simple mode of inheri- 

 tance, solid red by solid red might pro- 

 duce red and white piebalds and vice 

 versa. Lang^ cites crosses made by 

 Kiesel in which the self colored Lim- 

 burger race was crossed with a piebald 

 German breed. Fj was intermediate 

 picljald. The back cross with the self 

 breed jjroduced 22 self, 29 piebald. 

 The back cross with the piebald race 

 produced 81- out of 90 piebald. The 

 case is probably similar to that of pie- 

 bald in most other mammals, hetero- 

 zygote intermediate and much variation 

 which is not genetic. 



One of the most interesting things in 

 connection with the pied cattle is the 

 number of sharply distinct patterns 

 which have become fixed. There is the 

 white face of the Hereford, the white 

 belt of the Dutch and the irregular jjied 

 pattern of Holsteins, Ayrshires and other 

 Ijreeds. Are these to be looked upon as 

 entirely independent of each other 

 genetically and physiologically or have 

 they a common element? In guinea- 

 pigs all of these patterns and many 

 others may crop out even in the same 

 litter in a stock in which the total 

 amount of white is relatively constant. 

 AlacCurdy and Castle'" have shown, 

 however, that a tendency toward one 



' Wilson, J. 1916. A Manual of Mendelism. 152 pp. 

 8 Boyd, M. M. 1908. Amer. Breed Ass. Rep., 4 :324-331. 

 •Lanp, A. 1914. Experimentelle Verehutifislchre, Adl-S^S. 

 "MacCurdy, H. and Castle, W. E. 1907. Cam. hist. Wash. Pub. 70, 50 pp. 



