158 THE AMERICAX MUSEUM JOURXAL 



latter t^'pe is comparatively scarce, as the former, being more easily and 

 quickly made, Avas just as useful to the savage. The modern Cree and 

 Ojibway, residing in the forests north of the Great Lakes, still use pebbles 

 for this purpose, but those observed by the writer were not notched or worked 

 in any way. Occasionally, sinkers notched on both axes are found in this 

 region. 



Hoes. These are usually ovoid implements, chipped from trap rock and 

 sometimes notched to facilitate hafting, and sometimes not. They usiuilly 

 show a slight polish on the blade, caused by friction Avith the ground. This 

 stone tA'pe of hoe is the form mentioned by early writers; but perhaps hoes of 

 shell, bone or tortoise shell, and wood were used also. Xone of these, 

 however, are still in existence. 



Hand Choppers. Pebbles chipped to an edge on one side, for use as 

 hand choppers, occur. These are occasionally pitted on both sides. 



Grooved Axes (Fig. 12). For the purposes of this paper, the writer, 

 while aware that many grooved axes are well made and polished, has 

 decided to include them under the head of "Rough Stone Articles," as by 

 far the greater majority of the grooved axes and celts from this region lack 

 the polish and finish belonging to other articles later to be described. 

 Grooved axes are of two sorts: a, those made of simple pebbles, merely 

 modified by grooving and chipping or pecking an edge; and b, axes which 

 have been pecked and worked all over and sometimes polished. The latter 

 (b) may be said to include: 



1. Groove encircling three sides of blade, one side flat. 



2. Ridged groove encircling three sides of blade, one side flat. 



3. Groove encircling three sides of blade, longitudinal groove on flat side. 



4. Groove encircling three sides of blade, longitudinal groove on flat 



side and opposite. 



5. Groove encircling blade. 



6. Ridged groove encircling blade. 



A seventh t^'pe, having a double groove encircling the blade, may occur 

 in this territory, but has never been reported. A specimen from the Htidson 

 River region, just north of the area here dwelt upon, is in the Henry Booth 

 collection in this Museum. While most worked stone axes have been pecked 

 into shape, a few have been fashioned by chipping, but these seem to be rare. 



Grooved axes were hafted in various ways. During the summer of 190S, 

 the eastern Cree living in the vicinity of the southern end of Hudson Bay 

 told the writer that their ancestors, mIio made and used such axes, hafted 

 them by splitting a stick and setting the blade in it, then binding the handle 

 together with deer-skin (probably rawhide) above and below the split. Xo 

 specimens of the grooved axe in the original haft seem now to be extant 



