THE CALYCIFLORiE 213 



lacece, in which there are some conspicuous and even 

 showy flowers. The Pinks, Carnations, Soapworts, Corn- 

 cockle (Plate XXL), Campions (Plate XXII.), and 

 Stitchworts are examples. 



In the Poppies (Papaveracece) , a family including the 

 Poppies proper, genus Papaver, and the Greater Celan- 

 dine (Chelidonium majus, Plate XXIII.) , and also in the 

 Fumitories (Fumariacece) and the Cross-flowers (Cruci- 

 ferce), including the Wallflower, Mustard, Stocks, Cuckoo- 

 flower (Plate XXIV.), and numerous other genera and 

 species, the floral envelopes and stamens are inserted 

 on the floral receptacle, and the carpels cohere to form 

 a compound pistil. In such forms we may trace an 

 advance upon the more primitive Choripetalse. 



We have no hesitation in deciding that the most 

 specialized choripetalous plants are the Calyciflorce. 

 Here the sepals cohere, and form a cup-shaped or tubular 

 calyx, with stamens and petals inserted on its margin. 

 This group is very numerous, and in many of the forms 

 the ovary is " inferior " — i.e., the calyx and corolla are 

 united to the top of the ovary, and the latter, of course, 

 is inferior to (that is, below) the floral envelopes. The 

 Calyciflorae include the Roses, Saxifrages, Willow Herbs. 

 The Umbelliflorae (Hemlock, Carrot, Parsley, Fennel, 

 Earthnut, Parsnip, etc.), Ivy, Dogwood, and the Pea 

 and Bean tribe. 



Taking the cohesion of parts as an indication of 

 specialization and advance, we note that the cohesion 

 of the carpels indicates a first advance, and this is fol- 

 lowed in the ascending series by the union of sepals. 

 Further specialization is evident when the petals of the 

 corolla cohere, as is the case in the sympetalous Dico- 



