ESSENTIAL FLORAL LEAVES. 103 



five petals, and ten stamens, we may consider this odd carpel 

 as the remains of an outer whorl of five (cf. p. 82). The four 

 suppressed members of this whorl must all have been on the 

 upper side of the one still remaining, for we see from the 

 columbine that the ventral sutures of a whorl are all turned 

 towards one another. Hence the odd carpel of pea is the sur- 

 viving lower or anterior member of a whorl of five. We can 

 show in another way that the supposed whorl would have had 

 its odd member placed anteriorly. The parts of the flower in 

 the pea are placed in fives. It can easily be seen that sepals 

 and petals alternate, and the same is true of the two whorls 

 of stamens, though this is difficult to make out in the mature 

 flower, owing to their diadelphous state. We can observe easily 

 at starting that the odd sepal is anterior. Therefore — 



5 sepals odd one anterior. 



5 petals posterior. 



5 outer stamens anterior. 



5 inner stamens posterior. 



[5] outer carpels anterior. 



Where, as in larkspur, &c, an apocarpous pistil possesses more 

 than one carpel, each has its own ovary, style, and stigma. 

 Examine once more the buttercup, and note that the style is a 

 short "beak," upon which the stigma exists as a rough sticky 

 line. The ovary contains but one ovule (fig. 30, D). 



Rose, blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry are further ex- 

 amples of apocarpous pistils composed of several or many carpels. 

 Each carpel contains a single ovule. The flower of rose (fig. 40) 

 is perigynous, and the carpels are attached to the inner side of 

 the fleshy cup-like receptacle. In strawberry the style is not at 

 the end of the carpel, but attached to the ventral margin of the 

 ovary. It is, therefore, termed ventral. This can readily be 

 seen in any one of the b^own "seeds" (really fruits) scattered 

 over a ripe strawberry. 



The sy acarpous pistil (cf. p. 100) consists of a complete or 

 reduced whorl of carpels more or less completely united into one. 

 The least constant part of such a pistil is the style. When it is 

 absent, the stigma is sessile on the ovary. This is the case, for 

 instance, in poppy, where the stigma is represented by a number 

 of roughened lines radiating from the centre. When more than 

 one style is present, each has its own stigma (fig. 50). Styles 

 generally grow from the apex of the ovary, but they may be 

 lateral or based, i.e., arising respectively from the side or base 

 of the ovary. Their length varies considerably in different forms. 

 In shape the style is typically cylindrical. It is frequently bent 



