152 APPENDIX ON PRACTICAL WOEK. 



necessarily possess all the characters of the group to which it belongs. 

 The balance of evidence must be taken. Classify by means of what is 

 present in your specimen. 



FLOWERING PLANTS 



possess seeds, and, usually, conspicuous flowers. 



Sub-division I. — Gymnosperms. 



Ovules not enclosed in an ovary, but situated either on the axis or on 

 open carpels. Stamens scale-like, with pollen-sacs on their under side. 

 Perianth almost always absent. Endosperm of seed formed before 

 fertilization. 



Exs. — Yew, pine, fir, larch, cedar, araucaria, cypress, juniper. 



Sub-division II. — Angiosperms. 



Ovules enclosed in an ovary. Stamens not scale-like. Perianth 

 generally present. Endosperm formed after fertilization. 



Class I.— MONOCOTYLEDONS. 



Roots adventitious, the radicle of embryo being arrested in develop- 

 ment. Stem with scattered closed vascular bundles. No well- 

 marked distinction between pith, cortex, and medullary rays. 

 No bark. Leaves frequently possess a sheath ; parallel- veined. 

 Flower with parts in 3's or a multiple of 3. Calyx and corolla 

 generally much alike. Seed, embryo with one cotyledon ; endo- 

 sperm generally abundant. 



Sub-class 1.— Nudiflorae. 



Perianth o or scaly. Ovary superior. 

 Series (1). — Hpadiciflora'. 



Flowers generally in a spike or spadix. 

 Series (2). — Glumifiorm. 



Flowers in heads or spikelets. Bracts scaly, and known as 

 glumes. Perianth, when present, of scales or bristles. 



Sub-class 2.— Petaloideae. 



Flowers usually bisexual. Perianth always present, and generally 

 brightly coloured. 

 Series (1). — Hypogynat. 



Ovary superior. 

 Series (2). — Epigynaz. 

 Ovary inferior. 



Class II.— DICOTYLEDONS. 



Root frecpuently a tap-root, i.e., with main axis formed by developed 

 radicle of embryo. Stem, when young, with a circle of open 

 vascular bundles, pith, medullary rays, and cortex ; when older, 

 with annual rings of wood, formed by cambium ring, and separ- 



