APPENDIX ON PRACTICAL WOKK. I 55 



Order 2. — Amentaceae. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves, scattered. Inflor- 

 escence, catkins. Flowers, unisexual. Male and female flowers 

 arranged in different catkins. Gyncecium, syncarpous. Gar- 

 pels, 2. 



Exs. — Willow, birch, aider. 

 Order 3. — Chenopodiacese. — Herbs. Leaves, exstipulate. Flowers, 

 small, green, regular, bisexual. Calyx, 5-lobed. Stamens, super- 

 posed to sepals. Ghjncecivm, syncarpous. Carpels, 2. 

 Exs. — Goosefoot (Chenopodium), spinach, beetroot. 

 Order 4. — Polygonaceae. — Herbs. Stem, dilated at the nodes. Leaves, 

 scattered, with ochreate stipules. Flowers, small, regular, gene- 

 rally bisexual. Sepals, 4 to 5. Stamens, superposed to sepals 

 Gyncecium, syncarpous. Carpels, 3. Ovule, single, straight, erect. 

 Exs. — Knotgrass, dock, sorrel, rhubarb. 



Series (2). — Epigynai. 



Order 1. — Cupuliferae.— Shrubs or trees. Leaves, scattered, stipulate. 

 Flowers, small, green, unisexual. Male flowers in catkins. Female 

 flowers surrounded by bracts. Fruit, a nut. 

 Exs. — Oak, beech, hazel, hornbeam. 



Sub-class 2.— Polypetalae. 

 Series ( 1 .)— Thalam iflorce. 



Order 1. — Ranunculacese.— Generally herbs. Leaves, usually scat- 

 tered. Stamens, indefinite, spirally arranged. Gyncecium, apo- 

 carpous. Carpels, generally indefinite and spirally arranged. 

 Fruit, generally an achene or follicle. 



Exs. — Clematis, anemone, buttercup, lesser celandine, Christ- 

 mas rose, marsh marigold, larkspur, monk's-hood, paeony. 

 Order 2. — Papaveraceae. — Herbs with milky juice. Leaves, scattered, 

 exstipulate. Flowers, regular. Sepals, 2, usually caducous. 

 Petals 4. Stamens, indefinite, arranged in alternating whorls. 

 Gynozcium, syncarpous. Placentation, parietal. 

 Exs. — Poppy, greater celandine, Californian poppy (Esch- 

 scholt;.ia). 

 Order 3.— Cniciferae. — Herbs. Leaves, scattered, exstipulate. In- 

 florescence, a raceme without bracts. Flowers, generally regular. 

 Sepals, 4, in two whorls. Corolla, cruciform. Petals, 4, alternating 

 with sepals, and placed obliquely (see fig. 38). Stamens, tetrady- 

 namous, in two whorls. Gyiwcium, syncarpous. Carpels, 2, 

 lateral. Fruit, a siliqua. 



Exs. — Wallflower, stock, watercress, cabbage, turnip, horse- 

 radish, radish, shepherd's purse, candytuft. 

 Order 4. — Violacese. — Herbs. Leaves, scattered, stipulate. Flowers, 

 irregular. Floral formula, Ca 5, Co 5, An 5, Gn 5. Petals, the 

 odd anterior (lower) one with a spur. Stamens, two lower ones 

 with nectaries. Placentation, parietal. Fruit, a loculicidal 

 capsule. 



Exs. — Violet, pansy. 

 Order 5. — Caryophyllacese.— Herbs. Stem, usually swollen at the 

 nodes. Leaves, decussate. Inflorescence, cymose. Flowers, regular, 



