APPENDIX ON PRACTICAL WORK. 157 



Order 2. — Solanaceae. — Usually herbs. Leaves, exstipulate. In- 

 florescence, cymose. Flowers, usually regular, with parts (except 

 gyncecium) in 5's. Stamens, epipetalous. Carpels, 2. Placenta- 

 tion, axile. Fruit, a berry or capsule. 



Exs. — Bittersweet, potato, winter cherry, tomato, Chili pepper, 

 deadly nightshade, tobacco-plant, petunia, thorn-apple, 

 henbane. 

 Order 3. — Scrophulariaceae. — Herbs. Flowers, more or less irregu- 

 lar. Stamens, 4 (didynamous), 2, or (in mullein) 5 ; posterior 

 stamen absent, except in last case. Carpels, 2. Placentation, 

 axile. Ovules, numerous. Fruit, usually a capsule. 



Exs. — Mullein, snapdragon, toad-flax, musk, calceolaria, penta- 

 stemon, foxglove, ngwort (Seraph ularia), speedwell, yellow 

 rattle. 

 Order 4. — Labiatas. — Herbs. Stem, square, fistular. Leaves, decus- 

 sate, aromatic. Inflorescence, apparently in whorls, really cymose 

 (in verticillastersj. Flowers, irregular. Calyx and Corolla, 2- 

 lipped. Stamens, 4 (didynamous), or, more rarely, 2 ; posterior 

 stamen always absent ; epipetalous. Carpels, 2. Ovary, 4-lobed 

 and 4-chambered. Placentation and Ovules, one erect ovule in 

 each chamber of the ovary. Fruit, as in Boraginacere. 



Exs. — Basil, lavender, mint, marjoram, thyme, sage, rosemary, 

 ground ivy, dead nettle, horehound. 

 Order 5. — Primulacese. — Herbs. Leaves, simple, exstipulate. Flowers, 

 regular. Floral formula, Ca 5, Co 5 | An 5, Gn ®. Stamens, 

 epipetalous. Placentation, free central. Fruit, a capsule. 

 Exs. — Primrose, cowslip, polyanthus, auricula, cyclamen, scarlet 

 pimpernel. 



Series (2.) — Epigynce. 



Order 1. — Dipsaceae. — Herbs. Leaves, opposite, exstipulate. In* 

 florescence, a dense head, surrounded by an involucre. Flowers, 

 small (florets) ; outer ones generally ligulate. Calyx, usually 

 reduced to scales or bristles ; surrounded by a cup-like epicalyx. 

 Stamens, epipetalous ; quite free from one another. Carpels, 2. 

 Style, unbranched. Ovary, with one chamber. Placentation and 

 Ovules, one suspended ovule. Fruit, a cypsela. 

 Exs. — Teasel, scabious. 

 Order 2.— Compositae.— Herbs, often with milky juice. Leaves, 

 usually scattered ; exstipulate. Inflorescence, a dense head, sur- 

 rounded by an involucre. Flowers, small (florets) ; outer ones 

 often female or neuter. Calyx, when present, reduced to scales 

 or hairs (pappus). Stamens, epipetalous, syngenesious. Carpels, 

 2. Style, forked. Ovary, with one chamber. Placentation and 

 Ovules, one erect ovule. Fruit, a cypsela. 



Exs. — Colt's-foot, aster, daisy, groundsel, oxeye daisy (mar- 

 guerite), chamomile, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, 

 dahlia, dandelion, lettuce. 

 Order 3.— Campanulaceae. — Usually herbs, with milky juice. 

 Leaves, scattered, exstipulate. Flowers, usually regular, parts 

 (except gyncecium) in 5's. Corolla, bell-shaped. Stamens, often 



