136 THE FLOWERING PLANT. 
are strawberry, rose-hip, apple (and pear), and acorn. » The edible 
part of a strawberry is the dilated floral receptacle, and the 
“seeds” scattered over it are the true fruits. Similarly, the 
scarlet part of a hip, to which the sepals are still attached, is 
obviously the hollow receptacle of the perigynous flower. Within 
it will be found the true fruits. An apple presents an advance 
on this condition. At the end opposite the stalk will be found 
the withered remains of the sepals, and sometimes of the stamens. 
The syncarpous ovary of an apple-flower is half. inferior, 7.e., 
with its lower half fused to the receptacle. It forms the apple- 
core (its seeds being the “ pips”), while the flesh belongs to the 
receptacle. This kind of fruit is a pome. 
Strictly speaking, all inferior ovaries develop into spurious 
fruits, since a part of them is receptacle (cf. p. 101). The union, 
however, between ovary and receptacle is so intimate that they 
are mostly classed under true fruits, eg., gooseberry. It is 
just here that the distinction between the two kinds breaks 
down. In acorn we have a single true fruit, partly surrounded 
by a cup-like structure formed by the growth and union of 
bracts. 
II. True Fruits.—These are mainly (inferior fruits) or entirely 
(superior fruits) formed from the developed ovary. Their walls 
are termed the pericarp, and are often divisible into outer, 
middle, and inner layers, known as epicarp (often the epidermis), 
mesocarp and endocarp respectively. The subdivisions of true 
fruits are best shown in a tabular form. 
A. Dry Fruirs.—Pericarp woody or tough. 
1. Indehiscent.—Pericarp encloses seeds till germination. 
Seed-coat thin, and often fused with pericarp. 
a. One-seeded. 
(a.) Achene, of one carpel, superior, pericarp 
membranous, and free from seed-coat. Ha. 
| Buttercup (fig. 56), strawberry. 
(b.) Caryopsis.—Like (a), but usually of two 
carpels, and pericarp closely adherent to 
seed-coat. Hr. All grasses, as wheat, 
maize, oat, &e. (fig. 54). 
ae (c.) Cypsela.—Like (6), but inferior. Hx. All 
FIG. 56.—Achene Composites, as sunflower, dandelion, &c. 
par velerenp. (d.) Nut, synearpous, superior, pericarp woody, 
and free from seed-coat. Hx. Hazel-nut 
(two ovules always present in ovary. 
This accounts for occasional existence of 
two kernels.) 
