APPENDIX ON PRACTICAL WORK. 147 
IV. Foutace Lear :— 
1. Composition.—(a.) Stalked or sessile (p. 52). (b.) Stipulate or 
exstipulate (7.e., without stipules). (c.) With sheath or without. (d.) 
Simple or compound (in this case the kind) (pp. 59-61). 
2. Arrangement.—(a.) In the bud (chap. v.). First note distribution 
of the buds and then the way in which the leaves are packed in them. 
(6.) If radical, cauline, or both (p. 24). (c.) Horizontal, vertical, or 
equitant (pp. 54-55). (d.) Phyllotaxis (pp. 49-51). Look out for bila- 
teral arrangement (p. 51). 
3. Petiole (and leafiet stalks in compound leaf),—(a.) Relative length. 
(0.) Form, whether grooved above, winged, &c. Note whether a pul-. 
vinus is present (p. 53). (c.) Surface and colour. SeeStem. (d.) Modifi- 
cations (pp. 53-54). 
4. Lamina.—Average specimens should be selected. Radical and 
cauline leaves often need separate descriptions. Treat the leaflets of 
compound leaves like the blades of simple leaves, noting also whether 
there are striking differences between the leaflets in the same compound 
leaf. 
(a.) Size. (b.) If tubular, cylindrical, or oblique (p. 55), mention it. 
(c.) Venation (pp. 55-57). Note if veins project on under side. (d.) 
General shape (pp. 57-58). (e.) Base; practically included under (d.), 
as many of the terms on p. 58 are due to its modification. (f.) Apex; 
the same remark is true as for base. Special terms are also used, as 
acute, tapering evenly to a point (fig. 18) ; acwminate, suddenly tapering 
to a point (fig. 26) ; mucronate, ending in a short hard point (Galium) ; 
obtuse, suddenly rounded off ; emarginate, with a shallow notch ; retuse, 
with a deep notch. The last form graduates into obcordate. (g.) Mar- 
gin (pp. 58-59, footnote p. 28). Note also that the margin may be wavy 
and spiny (both in holly). (h.) Texture (p. 62). (¢.) Surface and colour 
(p.62). SeeStem. Note differences between upper and lower surfaces. 
A bluish-green colour, caused by wax-particles, is termed glaucous (e.g., 
white poppy). (k.) Modifications (p. 61). 
5. Sheath.—(a.) Relative size. (b.) Whether forming a complete tube 
or not. (c.) Texture. 
6. Stipules.—(a.) Arrangement (pp. €3-64). (b.) Texture, foliaceous 
or membranous. 
V. ScaLe Lear (p. 64) :— 
1. Arrangement.—(a.) On overground buds. (b.) On underground 
parts of stem. 
2. Form. 
3. Texture. 
4. Surface and colour. 
VI. INFLORESCENCE AND Bracts (pp. 75-80) :— 
1. Position.—Terminal or axillary. 
2. Kind and Size (including number of flowers). 
3. Branching.—Its amount. 
4. Direction.—Erect, spreading, pendent, &c. 
5. Peduncles and Pedicels—Describe as stem. 
6. Bracts.—Describe like foliage leaves. 
