I50 APPENDIX ON PRACTICAL WORK, 
the oldest flowers are in the above position (fig. 35), the inflorescence is 
centrifugal, definite, or cymose. 
VII. Toe FLowEr :— 
2. Receptacle-—Cut through the flower longitudinally, and determine 
whether the flower is hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous (fig. 37). 
The receptacle is often very much shallower than in B ; as, for example, 
in gorse and sweet-pea. 
3. Relation of Parts, as shown in a floral diagram. Take fig. 38 as 
a model. Note position of axis, denoting back of flower. In a bila- 
terally symmetrical flower, rising, like a pansy, from a condensed stem, 
the back is above and the front below. A flower may be more or less 
twisted round, especially in orchids (p. 89). 
Note carefully whether there is an anterior or posterior sepal (p. 82). 
Make a good-sized drawing (say three times as big as fig. 38), and do not 
crowd the stamens and carpels. When these last are numerous, as in 
buttercup, do not trouble to count them, but put a fair number of the 
conventional marks. 
It is very useful practice to pin out the parts in the form of a dia- 
gram, marking with pencil the front, back, and planes (fig. 38). If 
the calyx or corolla has its elements cohering, cut it into longitudinal 
pieces between the lobes or teeth, and lay them out as if originally 
separate. 
A floral formula can be made to express a great deal. Thus the 
diagram in fig. 38 can by represented by 
Ca 3, Co 3, An 3 + 3, Gn, 
Ca. = calyx ; Co. = corolla; An. = andrecium; Gn. = gynecium, 
A parenthesis () signifies cohering parts. In the case of the gyneecium, 
a line below means superior, a line above inferior. Superposition be- 
tween the whorls is indicated by |. Thus, in primrose :— 
Ca (5), Co (5) | An 5, Gn ©, 
or | can be omitted if An o + 5 is inserted. 
Other typical formule are :— 
Buttercup :— 
Ca 5, Co5, Anw, Gn CO w, 
(Here ~ = spirally arranged.) 
Carrot :— 
Ca 5, Co 5, An5 + 0, Gng,. 
Orchis :— 
Ca 3, Co 3, Ani + 0, Gn@. 
Most Grasses :— 
Ca o, Co 2, An 3 + 0, Gn. 
The o signifies suppression of a whorl. 
For arrangement in bud, see footnotes pp. 49 and 84. 
4. Calyx.— See alsoiv. 2. Remaining terms in footnotes: open, 
5. Corolla.— petals of mignonette ; valvate, sepals of fuchsia ; obvo- 
lute, petals of fuchsia; crumpled, petals of poppy. 
