APPENDIX ON PRACTICAL WORK. 157 
Order 2.—Solanacez.—Usually herbs. Leaves, exstipulate. In- 
florescence, cymose. Flowers, usually regular, with parts (except 
gynecium) in 5’s. Stamens, epipetalous. Carpels, 2. Placenta- 
tion, axile. Frwit, a berry or capsule. 
Exs.—Bittersweet, potato, winter cherry, tomato, Chili pepper, 
deadly nightshade, tobacco-plant, petunia, thorn-apple, 
henbane. 
Order 3.—Scrophulariacee.—Herbs. Flowers, more or less irregu- 
lar. Stamens, 4 (didynamous), 2, or (in mullein) 5; posterior 
stamen absent, except in last case. Carpels, 2. Placentation, 
axile. Ovules, numerous. Fruit, usually a capsule. 
Exs.—Maullein, snapdragon, toad-flax, musk, calceolaria, penta- 
stemon, foxglove, figwort (Scrophularia), speedwell, yellow 
rattle. 
Order 4.—Lahbiatze.—Herbs. Stem, square, fistular. Leaves, decus- 
sate, aromatic. Inflorescence, apparently in whorls, really cymose 
(in verticillasters). Flowers, irregular. Calyx and Corolla, 2- 
lipped. Stamens, 4 (didynamous), or, more rarely, 2; posterior 
stamen always absent; epipetalous. Carpels, 2. Ovary, 4-lobed 
and 4-chambered. Placentation and Ovules, one erect ovule in 
each chamber of the ovary. Fruit, as in Boraginacee. 
Exs.—Basil, lavender, mint, marjoram, thyme, sage, rosemary, 
ground ivy, dead nettle, horehound. 
Order 5.—Primulacee.—Herbs. Leaves, simple, exstipulate. Flowers, 
regular. Floral formula, Ca 5, Co 5 | An 5, Gn ©. Stamens, 
epipetalous, Placentation, free central. Fruit, a capsule. 
Exs.—Primrose, cowslip, polyanthus, auricula, cyclamen, scarlet 
pimpernel. 
Series (2.)—Epigyne. 
Order 1.—Dipsacez.—Herbs. Leaves, opposite, exstipulate. In- 
florescence, a dense head, surrounded by an involucre. Flowers, 
small (florets); outer ones generally ligulate. Calyx, usually 
reduced to scales or bristles ; surrounded by a cup-like epicalyx. 
Stamens, epipetalous ; quite free from one another. Carpels, 2. 
Style, unbranched. Ovary, with one chamber. Placentation and 
Ovules, one suspended ovule. Fruit, a cypsela, 
Exs.—Teasel, scabious. 
Order 2.—Composite.—Herbs, often with milky juice. Leaves, 
usually scattered ; exstipulate. Inflorescence, a dense head, sur- 
rounded by an involucre. Flowers, small (florets); outer ones 
often female or neuter. Calyx, when present, reduced to scales 
or hairs (pappus). Stamens, epipetalous, syngenesious. Carpels, 
2. Style, forked. Ovary, with one chamber. Piacentation and 
Ovules, one erect ovule. Fruit, a cypsela. 
Exs.—Colt’s-foot, aster, daisy, groundsel, oxeye daisy (mar- 
guerite), chamomile, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, 
dahlia, dandelion, lettuce. 
Order 3.—Campanulacee.— Usually herbs, with milky juice. 
Leaves, scattered, exstipulate. Flowers, usually regular, parts 
(except gynecium) in 5’s. Corolla, bell-shaped. Stamens, often 
