ORGANS OP KEPRODUCTION. 



219 



the calyx is said to be adherent, or, because it appears to arise 

 from the summit of the ovary, it is termed superior; the ovary in 

 such a case is then said to be inferior. When the calyx is free, or 

 quite distinct from the sides of the ovary, as in the Pimpernel 

 {fig. 441), Wallflower, Poppy, and Buttercup, it is said to h^free, 

 non-adherent, or in- „. „ t,. 

 ferior; and the ovary is ^'9- 447. Fxg. 448. Fig. 449. 

 then termed superior. 



When the calyx or 

 perianth is thus ad- 

 herent to the ovary, the 

 limb presents various 

 modifications : thus in 

 the Iris, Crocus, and Or- 

 chids, it is pctaloid ; in 

 the Quince, foliaceous 

 {fig. 457); in the ^nn- 

 fi.owev {Hdianthus) {fig. 

 449), and Chamomile, 

 it is meonhranous ; in 

 the Madder {Euhia) 

 {fig. 447), it exists only 

 in the form of a circular 

 rim; while in the Ox- 

 eye ( Chrysan them um ) , 

 it is altogether absent 

 {fig. 448). In the two 

 latter cases the calyx is 

 commonly described as 

 obsokte. In many plants of the order Compositse and the allied 

 orders Dipsacacese and Valerianacese, the limb of the cal}Tc is only 

 developed in the form of a circle or tuft of bristles, hairs, or 

 featheiy processes, to which the name of pappus is given, and 

 the calyx under such circumstances is said to be pappose. The 

 pappus is further described as feathery or plumose, and simple 

 or pilose; thus it \^ feathery, as in the Valerian {fig. 450), when 

 each of its divisions is covered on the sides by little hair-like 

 projections arranged like the barbs of a feather; and pilose, 

 when the divisions have no visible projections from their sides, 

 as in the Dandelion and Scabious {fig. 451). The pappus is 

 also described as sessile when it arises immediately from the 

 tube of the adherent calyx, and thus apparently from the top of 

 the ovary, or fruit, as in the Valerian {fig. 450); and stalked or 

 stipitate, if it is raised above the ovary, or fruit, on a stalk, as 

 in the Dandelion and Scabious {fig. 451). 



The calyx, whether monosepalous or polysepalous, is subject 

 to various other irregularities besides those already alluded to, 

 which arise from the expansion of one or more of its sepals into 



Fig. 447. Calyx of the Madder (Eiibia), ad- 

 liereiit to the ovary, with its linil) reduced 

 to a mere rim. — Fig. 448. One of the tu- 

 bular florets of the Ox-eye {Chrysanthe- 

 mum). The calyx is completely united to 

 the ovary and presents no appearance of a 



limb. Fig. 449. One of the florets of the 



Sunflower (Helianthus). The limb of the 

 adherent calyx is membranous. 



