308 ORGANOGRAPHY. 



{fig. 593), where the achsenia are placed upon a convex thalamus 

 of a dry nature; and in the Strawberry {figs. 591 and 647), 

 where they are placed upon a fleshy thalamus ; hence, in the 

 Strawberry, the so-called seeds are in reality so many separate 

 achsenia, while the part to which the Strawberry owes its value 

 as a fruit is the succulent thalamus. 



In the fruit of the Kose {fig. 437), the achsenia instead of 

 being placed upon an elevated thalamus, as in the ordinary 

 etserio, are situated upon a concave thalamus, to which the 

 calyx is attached. This modification of the ordinary etserio has 

 been made a separate fruit by some botanists, to which the 

 name of Cynarrhodum has been given. A similar kind of fruit 

 also occurs in Calycanthus. 



In the Kaspberry {fig. 711) and Bramble, we have a kind of 

 etserio formed of a number of little drupes, or drupels, as these 

 small drupes are sometimes termed, crowded together upon a 

 dry thalamus. The etserio and its modifications are placed by 

 Lindley under a class of fruits called by him aggregate fruits, 

 the characters of which are " Ovaria strictly simple ; more than a 

 single series produced by each flower." The term aggregate is 

 also by some botanists apphed to fruits which are the produce 

 of several flowers. 



e. Syncarpous Fruits. — Under this head we include all fruits 

 which are formed by the more or less comflete combination of two 

 or more ovaries or car])els, and where only one fruit is 'produced 

 by a single flower. In the two former classes the fruits are 

 formed of simple ovaries ; in this class from ovaries of a more or 

 less compound nature. In describing these fruits we shall follow 

 generally the classification of Dr. Lindley. Thus, in the first 

 place, we arrange them in two divisions, according as they are 

 superior or inferior; and each of these divisions is again se- 

 parated into others, derived from the dry or fleshy nature of the 

 pericarp, and its dehiscent or indehiscent character. 



Division 1. Superior Syncarpous Fruits. 



a. WITH A DRY INDEHISCENT PERICARP. 



1. The Caryopsis is a superior, one-celled, one-seeded, inde- 

 hiscent fruit, with a thin dry membranous pericarp, completely 

 and inseparably united with the seed {figs. 688 and 689). This 

 fruit resembles the achpenium, but it is distinguished by the com- 

 plete union which exists between the pericarp and the seed. 

 It is, moreover, generally considered as being of a compound 

 nature, from the presence of two or more styles and stigmas to 

 the ovary {fig. 587). It is found in the Oat, Maize, Eye, Wheat, 

 Barley, and generally in Grasses. These fruits, like the achse- 

 nia, are commonly called seeds, ])ut their true nature is at once 

 evident when they are examined in their early state. 



2. 27ie Samara is a superior, two or more celled fruit, each 



