ORGANS OF EEPEODUCTTOX. 



351 



We shall describe the above causes of deviation in the order 

 in which they are placed above, 



1. The changes due to union or adhesion of parts. — We 

 arrange these in two divisions : one of which is characterised by 

 the more or less complete union of the members of the same 

 whorl ; and the other by the adhesion of the different whorls ; 

 the first is frequently termed coalescence, and the X^ttex adnatUm. 



a. Coalescence. — This is of very common occurrence in the 

 members of the different whorls of the flower. Thus it occurs in 

 the calyx, when it becomes monosepalous ; in the corolla, when it 

 is monopctalous; in the filaments, when it gives rise to mmiadel- 

 'phous, diadelphoiis, and polyadelphous stamens ; in the anthers, 

 when they are syngc7iesioiis ; and in the pistil, when the carpels 

 are syncarpous. All these modifications have been fully de- 

 scribed when treating of the several parts of the flower. 



b. Adnation or adhesion of the different whorls is also by no 

 means uncommon. Thus the calyx may be united to the corolla, 

 or to the andrcecium, or with both ; or all these whorls may be 

 united to the ovary. These different adhesions have been 

 already explained, under the terms perigynous, epigynoiis, in 

 reference to the stamens, and superior as applied to the calyx. 

 Again, the stamens may be united separately to the corolla, when 

 they are said to be epipetalous, or to the pistil {gynandrous). 

 All the changes due to union or adhesion have been fully de- 

 scribed in treating of the different whorls of the flower. 



2. Addition or multiplication of parts. — This may be also 

 considered under two heads : — 1st. The addition of one or more 

 entire whorls in one or more of the floral circles ; and secondly, 

 the increase in the number of parts of a whorl, which is due to 

 the multiplication by division of any or all of the organs of a 

 whorl. The former is commonly termed augmentation ; the latter 

 chorisis, deduplication, or U7ilini?ig. 



a. Augmentation. — The increase in the number of whorls may 



Fig. 770. Fig. 771. Fig. 772. 



Fig. 770. Diagram of the flower of the Barberry (Berberis). Fig. 771. 



DiasraiTi of the flower of Nympluea. Fig. 772. Diagram of the flower 



of the Poppy. 



occur in one or more of the floral circles. Thus the Barberry, 



{fig- 770), has two whorls of sepals, two of petals, and two of 



