416 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 



Cohort 4. Bialypctala. Both floral envelopes present, the 

 outer being monosepalous or polysepalous, free 

 or united to the ovary, calycine or sometimes 

 corolline ; the inner being corolline with 

 distinct petals, or rarely cohering by means of 

 the base of the stamens, and with an epigynous, 

 perigynous, or hypogynous insertion ; rarely 

 abortive. Examples, Umbelliferse, Eanuneu- 

 lacese, Cruciferse, Caryophyllese, Rosacese, and 

 Leguminosae. 



Under these di-visions Endlicher included 277 Natural Orders. 

 After Jussieu, he commenced with the simplest plants and 

 gradually proceeded to the more complicated, placing those of 

 the Leguminosae at the highest point of the series. 



Lindley's Natural System. — To Dr. Lindley especially, 

 belongs the merit of ha^nng been the first botanist who made 

 any serious attempts to introduce a natural arrangement of 

 plants into use in this country. The first system proposed by 

 him in 1830 was but a slight modification of that of De Can- 

 dolle, and was as follows: — 



Class 1. — Vasculares, or Flowering Plants. 

 Sub-class 1 . Exogens, or Dicotyledons. 

 Tribe 1. Angiospermge. 



§ 1. Polypetalous, Apetalous, and Achlamydeous Plants. 

 % 2. Monopetalous Plants. 

 Tribe 2. Gymnospermse. 

 Sub-class 2. E?}doqens, or Monocotyledons. 

 Tribe 1. Petaloidese. 

 Tribe 2. Glumacese. 



Class 2. — Celltjlares, or Flowerless Plants. 

 Tribe 1. Filicoideae, or Fern-like plants. 

 Ti'ibe 2. Muscoidese, or Moss-like plants. 

 Tribe 3. Aphyllse, or leafless plants. 



No attempt was made in this system to form minor groups or 

 divisions of the tribes ; but in 1833, in a new system, Lindley 

 arranged the natural orders m groups subordinate to the higher 

 divisions, which were called Nixus (tendencies). The following 

 was the arrangement then proposed : — 



(Vasculares 

 Sexuales 



'1. Exogense, Angiospermse. 

 2. Exogense, Gymnospermse. 

 , 3. Endogense. 



(Evasculares . 4. Rhizanthese. 

 5. Esexuales. 



These primary divisions were again divided into Sub-classes, 

 Cohorts, and Nixus or groups of nearly allied Natural Orders. 



