NATUfiAX SYSTEM OF THIS MANUAX. 419 



Under the above classes Lindley has included 303 Natural 

 Orders, which he has arranged in fifty-six groups subordinate to 

 the sections, sub-classes, and classes, and to which he has given 

 the name of Alliances. 



Having now given a brief description of the more important 

 natural systems which are in use at the present day, we shall 

 conclude our notice of them by the following table of Hen- 

 slow. (See next page.) 



Natural System adopted in this Manual. — The natural 

 arrangement adopted in this volume, which is founded upon 

 those of Jussieu, De CandoUe, and Lindley, — that of De Candolle 

 being the basis, is as follows : — 



The Vegetable Kingdom is first divided into two sub-king- 

 doms, namely :— Phanerogamia, Flowering, or Cotyledonous 

 Plants ; and Cryptogamia, Flowerless, or Acotyledonous Plants. 



Sub-kingdom 1. Phanerogamia, includes plants which have 

 evident flowers ; and which are propagated by seeds containing 

 an embrj'o with one or more cotyledons. 



Sub-kingdom 2. Cryptogamia, are those plants which have no 

 flowers ; and which are propagated by spores, and are therefore 

 acotyledonous. 



The Phanerogamia is divided into two classes, and other sub- 

 divisions, thus : — 



Class 1. DicoTYLEDONES, in which the embryo is dicotyledonous ; 

 the germination exorhizal ; the stem exogenous ; 

 the leaves with a reticulated venation ; and the 

 flowers with a quinary or quaternary arrangement. 

 In this class we have two divisions. 



Division 1. Angiospermia, in which the ovules are enclosed in 

 an ovary, and are fertilized indirectly by the 

 action of the pollen on the stigma. In this 

 diA-ision we have four sub-classes : — 



Sub-class 1. ThalamiflorcB, that is, plants with flowers usu- 

 ally furnished with both a calj-x and corolla ; 

 the latter composed of distinct petals in- 

 serted on tlie thalamus ; stamens hypogy- 

 nous, or adherent to the sides of the ovary. 



Sub-class i Calyciflorce. — Flowers having usually a calyx 

 and corolla, the latter mostly with distinct 

 petals, and inserted on the calyx ; stamens 

 either perigynous, or epigynous. This sub- 

 class has two sub-divisions: — 



1. 'Perigyncc, in which the calj-x is free, or nearly so ; the 

 stamens usually perigynous ; and the ovary superior. 



