THALAMIFLOEJE. 487 



named Orange-flover Wakr. It is to the presence of Oil of Xeroli that the 

 odour of Eau de Cologne is more particularly due. The rind of the Sweet 

 Orange is an aromatic stimulant and tonic ; and its juice is very extensivelj' 

 used as a refreshing and agreeable bevei-age at table ; and also medicinally 

 as a refrigerant. Citrus Biijaiadia of Risso, or Citrus vulgaris, is the Bitter 

 or Seville Orange. The leaves, flowers, and unripe fruits of this species 

 yield by distillation similar essential oils to those obtained from analogous 

 parts of the Sweet Orange. (See above.) The distilled water of the leaves 

 is called eau de naphre. Orange-flower Water is generally prepared from the 

 flowers of the Bitter Orange, as it is considered more fragrant than that 

 obtained fi-om the Sweet Orange. The unripe fruits (as already noticed), 

 like those of the Sweet Orange, are called Orange-berries, and are used like 

 them for making issue 2^eas, and for flavouring Curai,-oa. The rind of the 

 ripe fruit yields by distillation a volatile oil, called Essential Oil of Bitter 

 Orange. The chief use of the Bitter Orange is in the making of marmalade. 

 The rind is also employed in medicine as a tonic and stomachic, and is more 

 valuable in these respects than that of the Sweet Orange. The rind is also 

 used for flavouring Curac^oa and other substances ; and in the preparation of 

 candied orange-peel. Citrus Limonum of De CandoUe, is the Lemon tree. 

 Of the fruit we have several varieties ; the more important of whicli are, — 

 the Wax Lemon, the Imperial Lemon, and the Gaeta Lemon ; they are 

 chiefly imported from Sicily and Spain, the latter being the most esteemed. 

 Both the rind and the juice are employed in medicine, and for other pur- 

 poses ; the former as a stomachic and carminative, and for flavouring ; the 

 latter as an agi-eeable and refreshing beverage, and also for its refrigerant 

 and antiscorbutic eft'ects. The juice contains a large quantity of citric acid. 

 Candied Lemon-peel is employed in confectionerj% and as a dessert. The 

 juice of Lemons, as well as that of the Lime, is largely imported, and used in 

 the preparation of citric acid. The rind contains a large quantity of essential 

 oil, which is generally obtained from it by expression, but it is of better 

 quality if prepared by distillation ; it is known as Essential Oil or Essence of 

 Lemon. This oil is principally iised as a flavouring agent in confectionery, 

 and in medicine ; and also in perfumeiy. Citrus Limetta of Risso, is the 

 source of the Lime fruit. It is chiefly mipoited into this country in a pre- 

 served state, and in that condition it forms a most agreeable dessert. Its 

 juice is also imported and largely employed with that of Lemons, in the pre- 

 paration of citric acid, as akeady noticed. Citrus Bergamia is sometimes 

 considered as only a variety of Citrus Liraetta. This is the source of the 

 Bergamot Orange. The rind, by expression or by distillation, yields an 

 essential oil, called Oil or Essence of Bergamot, which is largely used in 

 perfumery. Citrus vtedica.— The fruit of this is the Citron. This is sup- 

 posed to be the Hebrew Tappuach, which is translated in our version of 

 the Old Testament as Apple-tree and Apples, The rind of this fruit 

 only, is commonly imported into this country in a preserved state, and is 

 itsed in confectionery. Its pulp is less acid and juicy than the Lemon, but 

 it may be employed, as well as that of the Lime, for similar purposes. Two 

 essential oils are obtained from C. medica. They are used in perfumery, 

 and are called Essence or Essential Oil of Citron, and the Essence or Essential 

 Oil of Cedrat or Cedra. The Citron, Lime, and Lemon are distinguished 

 from Oranges, by having an adherent rind, by their more lengthened form, 

 and by the possession of a more or less prominent protuberance at their apex. 

 Besides the above friiits obtained from the genus Citrus, we have also, the 

 Shaddock, from C. decumana ; the Forbidden Fruit and the Pompehnoose, 

 both of which, as sold in the London markets, are varieties of the Shaddock, 

 the former being the smallest fruits, and the latter those of the largest size ; 

 and the Kumquat of China from C.japonica. 



Cookia punctata. — This plant produces the Wampee-fruit, which is much 

 esteemed in the islands of the Indian Archipelago, and in China. 



Feronia elephantum.— This, is a large tree, a native of India. A kind of 

 gum exudes from its stem, which closely resembles Gum Arabic, and it is 

 very probable that a part of the East India Gum imported into this coimtry 

 may be obtained from it. The young leaves have an Anise-like odour, and 

 are used by the native practitioners of India for their stomachic and carmi- 



