COROLLIFLOR^. 577 



Sub-Order 1. TuBrLiFLOR^.— The plants of this sub-order are chiefly- 

 remarkable for their bitter, tonic, and aromatic properties ; these are dne 

 to the presence of a bitter principle, and a volatile oil. Some are esculent 

 vegetables. 



Achilkea miUefolium was fonnerly extolled as an excellent vulnerary 

 and styptic. It is regarded in the United States of America as tonic, stimu- 

 lant, and antispasmodic. According to Linnfeus, it was employed in his 

 time in Sweden to increase the intoxicating powers of beer. 



Anacpchts. — A. Furdhrum, Pellitory of Spain.— The root is employed as 

 an energetic local irritant, and sialogogue, in toothache, relaxation of the 

 uvula, &c. A. otficinarum of Hayne has similar properties. The root i:5 

 commonly used in Gennany. 



Antheiins nobiii.;, Chamomile or Camomile. — This plant is extensively cul- 

 tivated for the sake of its flowei-s, which are much employed internally for 

 their stimulant, tonic, and antispasmodic properties, and also externally for 

 fomentations. The flowers constitute the Roman or True Chamomiles of 

 the Materia Medica. 



Aplohuris auiiculata or Aucklandia Coslm. — The root of this plant, which 

 is a native of Cashmere, is said by Falconer to be the Costus arabicus oi the 

 ancients. It is chiefly used as a perfume. 



A7mica inoiitana. Mountain Arnica, Mountain Tobacco, or Leopard's-bane, 

 is an acrid stimulant. It has been employed in typhoid fevers, amauro>is, 

 paralysis, kc. It is termed on the continent Panacea lapsoitim from the 

 power it possesses of alisorbing tumours and destroying the effects of bruises, 

 when applit'd externally. Arnica rhizome and rootlets, under tlie name of 

 Arnica root, have been introduced into tlie British Pharmacopoeia. 



Artemisia. — A. Absinthium. — The dried herb, or the flowering tops, under 

 the name of Wormwood, is used as an aromatic bitter tonic, and as an anthel- 

 mintic. It is also employed in the preparation of some liquevrs ; paiticu- 

 larly of one now very largely consumed in France under the name of 

 " absinthe," the excessive use of which is attended with very injurious effects, 

 which have been erroneously attributed to the wormwood it contains instead 

 of to the alcohol. A. chinensis. — According to Lindley, the Ch'ntse and 

 Japanese Moxa is prepared from the cottony or woolly covering of the leaves of 

 this and other species. A. Dracuncutus is the Tarragon, the leaves of wLdch are 

 sometimes used in pickles, salads, Lc. The officinal Santonica of the Biitish 

 Pharmacopoeia, which is known as Levant Wormseed, and which comes to 

 ^igland by way of Russia, is the unexpauded flower-heads of an undeteiTuined 

 species of Artemisia. It owes its properties essentially to the presence of a 

 crystalline neutral principle called santonin, which is also officinal in the 

 British Pharmacopoeia. Both santonica and santonin are valuable anthel- 

 mintics. Two other kinds of wormseed, which are very inferior to the 

 above, have been described by pharmacologists tmder the names of Barbary 

 Wormseed and Indian Wonnseed. Wormseed is also known by the names 

 of Semen Santonici, semen contra, semen cynce, d'c, 



Berthelotia lanceolata or indica. a native of India, has aperient leaves, 

 which are said to be a good substititte for senna. 



Calendula officinalis, the Marigold, has yellow florets, which are sometimes 

 employed to adulterate saffron. 



Carduus, the Thistle. — Some species of this genus, particularly C. Bene- 

 dictus, have been used as tonics and febrifuges. 



Carthamus. — C. tinctorius, Safflower or Bastard Saffron. — The florets are 

 used in the prep<iration of a beautiful pink dye. The pink saucers of the shops 

 are colonred by it. It is also largely employed in the manufacture of rouffe. 

 Safflower is sometimes used to adulterate hay saffron. The substance called 

 cake saffron is prepared from it and mucilage. (See Crocus.) The fi-uits, 

 which are commonly called seeds, yield by expression a large quantity of oil, 

 which is known in India under the name of Koosum Oil, The fraits of C. 

 perstcus also yield a useful oil. 



Cynara.—C. Scoltjmus.— The young succulent receptacles of this plant are 

 used for food, under the name of Artichokes. The edible Cardoons are the 

 blanched stalks of the iimer leaves of Cynara Cardunculus. 



Eupatorium.— E. glutinosum. — The leaves of this plant constitute one of 

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