472 



THE CAMPANULALES 



(a) The Chicory Family. — This family is distinguished by all 

 the flowers of the head being ligulate (Fig. 339) and mostly yel- 

 low in color and by the possession of milky, bitter or acrid juices. 

 Here belong the goat's beard (Adopogon) , hawkbit (Leontodon) , 

 sow thistle (Sonchus), hawkweed (Hieracium) , rattlesnake root 

 (Nabulus), as well as several introduced and native plants that 

 are cultivated, as the dandelion (Taxaracum) , species of chicory 

 {Cichorium), salsify (Tragopogon), lettuce (Lactuca). The char- 



FiG. 339. Flowers and fruit of Taraxacum: A, sectional view of inflor- 

 escence — in, involucre. The flowers in the center of the head not as yet in 

 bloom. B, an unopened flower. The thread-like calyx (pappus) and corolla 

 arising from the ovary, 0. C, corolla opening. D, later stage, the style has 

 elongated, sweeping the spores from the sheath of anthers, an, and the two 

 stigmatic lobes are beginning to open. E, flower in full bloom, the stigma 

 lobes recurving. F, mature fruit. The pappus is lifted up on a long, slender 

 outgrowth of the ovary, 0. 



acter of the head, flower and fruit of this family are well shown 

 in the dandelion (Fig. 339). All the flowers are ligulate, the 

 five lobes frequently to be seen on the margin of the corolla 

 indicating the number of petals, and the calyx assumes the form 

 of minute hairs (Fig. 339, B-E). The five filaments adhere to 



