Roses and Apples 23 
identical. The germ or first beginnings of a leaf may 
be developed into either a leaf or one of the several 
parts of a flower; whilst the hooks are modified hairs. 
The Roses are all more or less climbers, and the 
strong hooks help them to scramble up between the 
branches of bushes and hedgerows. If any kind of 
Rose exhibits a tendency to have only short, straight 
stems and branches, you will find that the spines are 
searcely, if it all, hooked or curved; they may even 
be reduced to stiff bristles. Should anyone present 
you with a Rose with a small piece of the stem 
attached, you could tell pretty well by glancing at 
the character of the spines whether the plant was a 
stiff dwarf bush or a climber. 
Here is a leaf, broken up into five little leaflets 
which you might be inclined to con- : 
sider as five separate and complete 
leaves. The leaflets are all attached 
to what is really the midrib of the leaf 
as a whole; and if we were to lay the 
entire leaf on paper and draw a curved 
pencil line backwards from the tip of 
the odd leaflet, so that it just touched 
the tips of the other leaflets, we should 
have an outline of ordinary leaf form 
—lhke that of an Apple-leaf, for instance. All 
leaves that are broken up into leaflets in this 
manner are known as compound leaves, and such 
compound leaves as have the leaflets equally on either 
side of the midrib are said to be pinnate leaves, 
because this disposition of its parts is similar to the 
arrangement of the parts of a feather, for which 
pinnae is the Latin word. We should eall this an 
