Buttercups and Columbines 67 
They are, of course, easily distinguished by the 
absence of anthers at one end and the presence of 
the honey-gland at the other. The carpels are 
not unlike those of the Buttercups, but here, 
instead of developing into one-seeded achenes 
as there, they become /ollicles—large pouches, 
open along the upper side and containing many 
black seeds. Stigmas and anthers mature to- 
gether, and fertilisation is effected by flies, Cheat 
beetles, saw-flies, and bees. oe 
Of somewhat similar character is the well-known 
Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris), that grows in 
marshy ground and on the banks of backwaters. 
With its large glossy, heart-shaped leaves and open 
golden flowers, it is perhaps more suggestive of an 
enlarged Celandine, but as in Globe-flower the 
showiness is produced by the sepals, for here there 
are no petals at all, so the honey is produced at the 
sides of the carpels. It is a coarse-growing plant, 
and after fertilisation the leaves develop to an 
enormous size, but they are kept small during the 
flowering period, so that the blossoms may not be 
hidden from the flies, beetles, and bees that are 
wanted to fertilise them. It is to the enlarged sepals, 
again, that the two native species of Hellebore (Z. 
fetidus and H. viridis) owe such small amount of 
publicity as they can command. It is true they 
possess petals, and a goodly number, too; but these 
are singularly turned into two-lipped tubes contain- 
ing honey. The stigmas mature before the anthers, 
so that cross-fertilisation is probably effected—I 
cannot say by what insects, but most likely by early 
flies, judging by the colour and odour of the blossoms, 
