124 COMPOSITE 



receptacle slightly dotted ; fruit of the outer florets forming a short scaly 

 cup, of the rest long and feathery. Name from the Greek, fhrinkos, a battle- 

 ment, from the turret-like form of the seed-crown of the marginal florets. 



6. Cat's-ear (Hi/pochceris). — Involucre oblong, bracts numerous, imbri- 

 cated; receptacle chaffy ; fruit rough, often beaked; pappus feathery, having" 

 often a row of short bristles outside. Name in Greek denoting its fitness 

 for hogs. 



7. Lettuce (Lactika). — Involucre oblong, its bracts membranous at the 

 margin and imbricated, containing but few flowers ; receptacle naked ; fruit 

 flattened, beaked ; pappus hairy. Name from lac, milk, from its milky juice. 



8. Blue Sow-thistle (MulgSdium). — Involucre double, many-flowered, 

 inner of one row of equal bracts, outer of short lax ones overlapping each 

 other ; receptacle naked ; pappus brittle. Named from mtdgeo, to milk, from 

 its milky juice. 



9. Sow-Thistle (Sthichus). — Involucre with 2 or 3 rows of unequal 

 imbricated bracts, swollen at the base, and few-flowered ; receptacle naked ; 

 fruit flattened, transversely wrinkled, not beaked ; pappus hairy. Name in 

 Greek, alluding to its hollow stems. 



10. Hawk's-beard {Cre-pis). — Involucre double, inner of one row, outer of 

 short loose bracts ; receptacle naked ; fruit not flattened, furrowed, tapering 

 upwards ; pappus soft and feathery, usually white, abundant. Name in Greek 

 signifying a sandal, but the reason for this name is unknown. 



11. BoRKHAUSiA. — Involucre oval, with awl-shaped bracts which soon fall 

 off; receptacle naked; fruit rounded, transversely wrinkled, and having a 

 long beak. Name in honour of Moritz Borkhausen, a German botanist. 



12. Dandelion (Lednlodon). — Involucre imbricated with numerous bracts, 

 the outer ones loose, and often turned downwards ; receptacle dotted ; fruit 

 slightly flattened, rough, with a long and slender beak. Name from the 

 Greek, leon, a lion, and odons, a tooth, from the tooth-like edges of the leaves. 



13. Hawkweed (Hierdcium). — Involucre imbricated with numerous oblong 

 bracts ; receptacle dotted ; fruit angular, furrowed, with an entire or toothed 

 margin at the top, without a beak. Name from the Greek, hierax, a hawk, 

 because it was supposed that birds of prey used the plant to strengthen their 

 powers of vision. 



14. NiPPLE-woRT {Ldpsana). — Involucre a single row of erect bracts, with 

 4 —5 small ones at the base, few-flowered ; receptacle naked ; fruit flattened, 

 furrowed ; pappus none. An old Latin name. 



15. Succory (Cichdrium). — Involucre in two rows, inner of 8 bracts, which 

 bend back after flowering, outer of 5 smaller loose scales ; receptacle naked, 

 or slightly hairy ; fruit thick above, tapering downwards ; pappus a double 

 row of chaffy scales. Name from the Araliic, chikouryfh. 



Sub-order II. Thistle-Tribe {Cynarocephalce). 

 Flwets all tubular. 



16. Burdock {Arctium). — Involucre globose, leathery bracts ending in 

 hooked points ; receptacle chaffy ; fruit oblong, 4-sided ; papjDus short. Name 

 from the Greek, arctos, a bear, from the roughness of the involucres. 



