xliv INTRODUCTION 



flowers, sometimes monosymmetric ; sepals 3 — 5 ; petals 3 — 5 ; 

 stamens 4 — 10 ; carpels 3 — 5 ; ovules i or many in each chamber, 

 (p. 228.) 



Order 38. Rubidcece. (The Bedstraw Family). — Herbs with 

 whorled leaves and small polysymmetric flowers ; sepals, petals, 

 and stamens 4 — 6 each; carpels 2, i-ovuled. (p. 234.) 



Order 39. Valeridnece (The Valerian Family). — Herbs with 

 opposite leaves and small asymmetric flowers ; sepals 3 — 5, often 

 pappose ; petals 3 — 5 ; stamens i or 3 ; carpels 3 ; ovary i-ovuled. 



(P- 239-) 



Order 40. — Dipsdcece (The Teazle Family). — Herbs with 

 opposite leaves and heads of small flowers, each with 4 or 5 petals 

 and 4 free stamens ; ovary i-chambered and i-ovuled. (p. 243.) 



Order 41. Compositce (The Composite Family). — Herbs with 

 heads of small flowers with tubular or ligulate corollas and 4 — 5 

 stamens with syngenesious anthers ; style 2-fid ; ovary i-chambered, 

 I-ovuled. (p. 246.) 



§ § Stamens on the ovary (epigynous) 



Order 42. Catnpa?tuldcecB (The Bellflower Fam.ily). — Herbs 

 with milky juice, scattered leaves, and usually conspicuous bluish 

 flowers ; sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each ; carpels 2 — 5 ; ovules 

 many ; placentation axile (p. 295.) 



Order 43. Vacdnidcece (The Cranberry Family). — Under- 

 shrubs with scattered, simple leaves ; small, drooping, reddish or 

 pink flowers, and edible berries ; sepals, petals, and carpels 4 — 5 

 each; stamens 8 — 10. (p. 302.) 



Series 2. Hypbgynce. — Ovary superior, (pp. 304 — 407.) 



§ Stamens free (hypogynous) 



Order 44. Encdcea, (The Heath Family). — Trees, under- 

 shrubs, or herbs with opposite or whorled, evergreen leaves, and 

 small, often conspicuous polysymmetric flowers ; sepals, petals, and 

 carpels 4 — 5 each ; stamens 5 — 10. (p. 304.) 



Order 45. MonotrbpecB (The Bird^s-nest Family). — A fleshy 

 yellowish saprophyte with scattered brown scale-leaves and bell- 

 shaped polysymmetric flowers ; sepals, petals, and carpels 4 — 5 

 each ; petals scarcely cohering ; stamens 8 — 10 ; fruit a capsule ; 

 seeds many. (p. 312.) 



§§ Stamens epipetalous^ 



Order 46. Flu??ibaginea (The Thrift Family). — Herbs, 

 mostly maritime, with radical leaves and small flowers ; sepals, 



1 Except in some Plantagineae and Illecebraceae. 



