10 
After the business of the Meeting, Dr. O'Callaghan, 
D.C.L., F.S.A., exhibited and described several rare 
Autograph Letters and Illustrative Portraits of local 
interest. 
The following paper on the Geology of Warwick, 
Leamington and its neighbourhood, was read by the 
Rey. P. B. Brodie, M.A., F.G.S. 
The points of geological interest within a limited distance of the 
towns of Warwick and Leamington, say from 12 to 14 {miles though 
not so yaried and important as they are in many other places, are 
still deserving of attention. Within this area three formations are 
present in descending order: First, the drift Gravels; secondly, the 
Lias; thirdly, the New red Sandstone; fourthly, the Permian. The 
Grayels are widely spread over the country, and in this district belong 
to two distinct divisions, of different age, the high level and low level 
drifts. The former consists of large boulders and pebbles of various 
rocks of all ages, brought from many different quarters, partly on ice, 
which is clearly proved by many interesting facts lately brought for- 
ward by Professor Ramsay and other geologists who have studied the 
subject, a very large proportion being derived from the north, not only 
of England but of Europe. Most of the rocks are what is termed 
metamorphic, from which all traces of organic life have been removed, 
but occasionally fossiliferous rocks are met with.* This is called the 
northern or glacial drift, and represents a period of great cold, when a 
large portion of this island was submerged, and the land itself covered 
with snow and glaciers. Of more recent date are the finer Grayels 
occupying the valley of the Avon, and may be noticed at many spots 
in this district. These consist of small pebbles, often of local origin, 
and fine sand of considerable thickness, with loam in irregular patches. 
It is from these Gravels that remains of extinct and gigantic 
mammalia have been obtained; and when the Jephson gardens were 
being made, many fine bones of elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, 
and other animals were discovered. In the Warwick Museum there is 
a fine jaw of rhinoceros (tichorhinus) from similar beds near Rugby. 
Entire elephants have sometimes been found, and in some spots they 
are exceedingly abundant. Fresh water shells of recent species are 
often associated with them. At present no flint implements have been 
noticed in the drift in this neighbourhood, but they should be carefully 
searched for, since it is desirable to note every spot where they occur 
associated with the extinct mammalia. At Mancetter flint implements 
are recorded by Dugdale. The Lias, of course, belongs to a formation 
of much older date than these post Pliocene deposits, but as it is the 
* See a Paper, read by the Author, at the Meeting of the British Association, in 
Birmingham, in September last, 
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