13 
from the shore. The total thickness of the Lias in Gloucestershire, 
where it is largely developed, is 1,600 feet, but probably it does not 
attain this in Warwickshire, as the upper Lias is much reduced in bulk 
and the other portions are feebly represented. We now come to the 
next succeeding formation, the New red Sandstone which underlies the 
jias, and is usually conformable to it. It is divided into upper and 
lower Keuper, composed of alternations of red and green marls, with 
included beds of soft and hard sandstones of variable thickness, but 
occupying a large area in this county, of this the marls fill the largest 
space, the upper Keuper sandstone running irregularly in patches, 
haying been much denuded. It was formerly quarried at Shrewley 
Common, four miles N.W. of Warwick, and sections are still exposed 
there on the Grand Junction Canal, and at Rowington and Preston 
Bagot. The lowest bed of sandstone is a strong, compact rock, well 
adapted for building purposes, and it is much to be regretted that it is 
not still so employed. The upper Keuper oecupies the whole of the 
high table land from Hatton to Birmingham, on thenorth-west. The 
lower keuper, like the upper division, consists of beds of soft and hard 
sandstone, rather different in lithological structure, but some parts 
form a good building stone. The town of Warwick is built upon it, 
and sections may be seen at Coten End, Guy’s Cliff, Myton, and 
Cubbington. It is a thick bedded sandstone, often traversed by lines 
of false bedding. Part of Leamington stands upon it, and is exposed 
in an old quarry at the North-Western Station. A considerable mass 
of red marl separates the upper from the lower sandstones, which may 
be observed beneath the bottom rock at the canal, Shrewley. The 
denudations at Rowington are well marked by lines of’ denudation 
and undulations which vary the otherwise monotonous scenery 
of thé neighbourhood; and towards Claverdon and Bearley the 
couutry is picturesque, and commands some extensive views over the 
plains of red marl and lower lias to the more distant Cotswolds. No 
doubt the sandstone was much more extended, fillmg up many of the 
little valleys from which it has been entirely removed with much of the 
underlying red marls. As a general rule this formation is barren of 
organic remains, those which have been met with occurring in the sand- 
stone and green marls, none having been found here in the red marls, 
the superabundance of red proxide of iron being generally supposed to 
inimical to the existence of animal life. No marine shells (with one 
doubtful exception) are known to occur in it; and only two entire fish, 
both of which were discovered at Rowington, but abundant remains of 
sharks have been found in a soft white friable sandstone in the upper 
Keuper at Shrewley, and otherjparts of England where the same for- 
mation is met with. These consist of dorsal spines, small grinding 
palatel teeth of two distinct gerena, cutting teeth, and shagreen or 
skin of some cestraciont. One of the fish was obtained from the 
bottom bed at Shrewley, and though of small size, is remarkable for 
the strong defensive armour with which it is covered, like the enamelled 
plates of the Pterichthys, &c., of the Old red Sandstone, forming a pro- 
tection against the predatory sharks contemporary withit. The green 
marls contain abundantly, as well as the sandstones, a small bivalved 
erustacean ‘estheria minuta.’ But the most remarkable fossils which 
