104 LAMARCK, HIS LIFE AND WORK 
The next innovation made by Lamarck in the 
Extra du Cours de Zoologie, in 1812, was not a happy 
one. In this work he distributed the fourteen classes 
of the animal kingdom into three groups, which he 
named Animaux Apathiques, Sensibles, and Intelligens. 
In this physiologico-psychological base for a classi- 
fication he unwisely departed from his usual more 
solid foundation of anatomical structure, and the 
results were worthless. He, however, repeats it in 
his great work, Azstotre naturelle des Animaux sans 
Vertébres (1815-1822 
The sponges were by Cuvier, and also by Lamarck, 
accorded a position among the Polypes, near Alcy- 
onium, which represents the latter’s Polypiers em- 
pdtés; and it is interesting to notice that, for many 
years remaining among the Protozoa, meanwhile 
even by Agassiz regarded as vegetables, they were 
by Haeckel restored to a position among the Ccelen- 
terates, though for over twenty years they have by 
some American zoGlogists been more correctly re- 
garded as a separate phylum.* Lamarck also sepa- 
rated the seals and morses from the cetacea. Adopt- 
ing his idea, Cuvier referred the seals to an order of 
carnivora,. 
Another interesting matter, to which Professor 
Lacaze-Duthiers has called attention in his interesting 
letter on p. 77, is the position assigned Lucernaria 
among his Radtatres molasses near what are now 
Ctenophora and Medusez, though one would have 
* See A. Hyatt’s Revision of North American Portfera, Part II. 
(Boston, 1877, p. I1); also the present writer in his Text-book of Zoblogy 
(1878). 
