224 LAMARCK, HIS LIFE AND WORK 
previously formed before their exertions to obtain 
fresh air can exist; the throat or cesophagus must be 
formed previous to the sensation or appetites of hunger 
and thirst” (Zoonomta, p. 222). Again (Zoonomta, i., p. 
498), ‘“ From hence I conclude that with the acquisition 
of new parts, new sensations and new desires, as well as 
new powers, are produced” (p. 226). Lamarck does 
not carry his doctrine of use-inheritance so far as 
Erasmus Darwin, who claimed, what some still main- 
tain at the present day, that the offspring reproduces 
“the effects produced upon the parent by accident 
or cultivation.” 
The idea that all animals have descended from a 
similar living filament is expressed in a more modern 
and scientific way by Lamarck, who derived them 
from monads. 
The Erasmus Darwin way of stating that the trans- 
formations of animals are in part produced by their 
own exertions in consequence of their desires and 
aversions, etc., is stated in a quite different way by 
Lamarck. 
Finally the principle of law of battle, or the com- 
bat between the males for the possession of the 
females, with the result “that the strongest and most 
active animal should propagate the species,” is not 
hinted at by Lamarck. This view, on the contrary, 
is one of the fundamental principles of the doctrine 
of natural selection, and was made use of by Charles 
Darwin and others. So also Erasmus anticipated 
Charles Darwin in the third great want of ‘“ security,” 
in seeking which the forms and colors of animals 
have been modified. This is an anticipation of the 
