LAMARCK’'S THEORY OF DESCENT 353 
As we understand Lamarck, when he speaks of the 
incipient giraffe or long-necked bird as making efforts 
to reach up or outwards, the efforts may have been 
as much physiological, reflex, or instinctive as mental. 
A recent writer, Dr. R. T. Jackson, curiously and yet 
naturally enough uses the same phraseology as La- 
marck when he says that the long siphon of the com- 
mon clam (Mya) “was brought about by the effort 
to reach the surface, induced by the habit of deep 
burial”’ in its hole.* 
On the other hand, can we in the higher verte- 
brates entirely dissociate the emotional and mental 
activities from their physiological or instinctive acts? 
Mr. Darwin, in his Axpresstons of the Emotions in 
Man and Animals, discusses in an interesting and 
detailed way the effects of the feelings and passions 
on some of the higher animals. 
It is curious, also, that Dr. Erasmus Darwin went 
at least as far as Lamarck in claiming that the trans- 
formations of animals “are in part produced by their 
own exertions in consequence of their desires and 
aversions, of their pleasures and their pains, or of 
irritations or of associations.” 
Cope, in the final chapter of his Primary Factors 
of Organic Evolution, entitled “The Functions of 
Consciousness,’ goes to much farther extremes than 
the French philosopher has been accused of doing, 
and unhesitatingly attributes consciousness to all ani- 
mals. ‘“ Whatever be its nature,’ he says, “ the pre- 
liminary to any animal movement which is not auto- 
* American Naturalist, 1891, p. 17. 
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