VIEWS ON THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 365 
Lamarck again returns to the subject in his PhzJoso- 
phie soologique, which we translate. 
““ Some Observations Relative to Man. 
““ Tf man were distinguished from the animals by 
his structure alone, it would be easy to show that 
the structural characters which place him, with his 
varieties, in a family by himself, are all the product 
of former changes in his actions, and in the habits 
which he has adopted and which have become special 
to the individuals of his species. 
““ Indeed, if any race whatever of Quadrumana, 
especially the most perfect, should lose, by the neces- 
sity of circumstances or from any other cause, the 
habit of climbing trees, and of seizing the branches 
with the feet, as with the hands, to cling to them; 
and if the individuals of this race, during a series of 
generations, should be obliged to use their feet only 
in walking, and should cease to use their hands as 
feet, there is no doubt, from the observations made 
in the preceding chapter, that these Quadrumana 
would be finally transformed into Szmana, and that 
the thumbs of their feet would cease to be shorter 
than the fingers, their feet only being of use for 
walking. 
‘“* Moreover, if the individuals of which I speak 
were impelled by the necessity of rising up and of 
looking far and wide, of endeavoring to stand erect, 
and of adopting this habit constantly from genera- 
tion to generation, there is no doubt that their feet 
would gradually and imperceptibly assume a con- 
formation adapted for an erect posture, that their 
legs would develop calves, and that these creatures 
would not afterwards walk as they do now, painfully 
on both hands and feet. 
‘“ Also, if these same individuals should cease 
using their jaws for biting in self-defence, tearing or 
