NEOLAMARCKISM 385 
tion of the vertebral column and the segmental ar- 
rangement of the muscles by muscular strains,* he 
laid the foundations for future work along this line. 
He also drew attention in the same work to the com- 
plementary development of parts, and likewise in- 
stanced the decreased size of the jaws in the civilized 
races of mankind, as a change not accounted for by 
the natural selection of favorable variations.t In 
fact, this work is largely based on the Lamarckian 
principles, as affording the basis for the action of 
natural selection, and thirty years later we find him 
affirming: ‘The direct action of the medium was the 
primordial factor of organic evolution.” { In his well- 
known essay on “The Inadequacy of Natural Selec- 
tion” (1893) the great philosopher, with his accus- 
tomed vigor and force, criticises the arguments of 
those who rely too exclusively on Darwinism alone, 
and especially Neodarwinism, as a sufficient factor to 
account for the origin of special structures as well as 
species. 
The first German author to appreciate the value 
of the Lamarckian factors was that fertile and compre- 
hensive philosopher and investigator Ernst Haeckel, 
who also harmonized Lamarckism and Darwinism in 
these words: 
‘‘ We should, on account of the grand proofs just 
enumerated, have to adopt Lamarck’s Theory of 
Descent for the explanation of biological phenom- 
ena, even if we did not possess Darwin’s Theory of 
“Vile lls, Ps, LOS. 
+ Vol. i., § 166, p. 456. 
t The Factors of Organic Evolution, 1895, p. 460. 
25 
