NEOLAMARCKISM 3 89 
Mrs Al Agassiz remarks that the ettect tof the 
nature of the bottom of the sea on sponges and rhizo- 
pods ‘‘is an all-important factor in modifying the 
organism.’’ * 
While Hyatt’s studies were chietly on the am- 
monites, molluscs, and existing sponges, Cope was 
meanwhile at work on the batrachians. His Orzgin 
of Genera appeared shortly after Hyatt’s first paper, 
but in the same year (1866). This was followed by 
a series of remarkably suggestive essays based on 
his extensive paleontological work, which are in part 
reprinted in his Orzgin of the Fittest (1887); while in 
his epoch-making book, 7he Primary Factors of Or- 
ganic Evolution (1896), we have ina condensed shape 
a clear exposition of some of the Lamarckian factors 
in their modern Neolamarckian form. 
In the Introduction, p. 9, he remarks: 
““In these papers by Professor Hyatt and myself 
is found the first attempt to show by concrete ex- 
amples of natural taxonomy that the variations that 
result in evolution are not multifarious or promiscu- 
ous, but definite and direct, contrary to the method 
which seeks no origin for variations other than nat- 
ural selection. In other words, these publications 
constitute the first essays in systematic evolution 
that appeared. By the discovery of the paleontologic 
succession of modifications of the articulations of 
the vertebrate, and especially mammalian, skeleton, 
I first furnished an actual demonstration of the real- 
ity of the Lamarckian factor of use, or motion, as 
friction, impact, and strain, as an efficient cause of 
evolution. ~ + 
* Three Cruises of the ‘* Blake,” 1888, ii., p. 158. 
+ The earliest paper in which he adopted the Lamarckian doctrines 
