NEOLAMARCKISM 391 
(1873) we adopted the Lamarckian factors of change 
of habits and environment, of use and disuse, to ac- 
count for the origin of the appendages, while we 
attributed the origin of the metamorphoses of in- 
sects to change of habits or of the temperature of 
the seasons and of climates, particularly the change 
in the earth’s climates from the earlier ages of the 
globe, “when the temperature of the earth was 
nearly the same the world over, to the times of the 
present distribution of heat and cold in zones.”’ 
From further studies on cave animals, published 
4 
7 
in 1877,* we wrote as follows: 
‘““ In the production of these cave species, the ex- 
ceptional phenomena of darkness, want of sufficient 
food, and unvarying temperature, have been plainly 
enough vere cause. To say that the principle of 
natural selection accounts for the change of struc- 
ture is no explanation of the phenomena; the phrase 
has to the mind of the writer no meaning in connec- 
tion with the production of these cave forms, and 
has as little meaning in accounting for the origina- 
tion of species and genera in general. Darwin’s 
phrase ‘natural selection,’ or Herbert Spencer’s 
term ‘ survival of the fittest,’ expresses simply the 
final result, while the process of the origination of 
the new forms which have survived, or been selected 
by nature, is to be explained by the action of the 
physical environments of the animals coupled with 
inheritance-force. It has always appeared to the 
writer that the phrases quoted above have been mis- 
used to state the cause, when they simply express 
the result of the action of a chain of causes which 
we may, with Herbert Spencer, call the ‘ environ- 
* <* A New Cave Fauna in Utah.” Bulletin of the United States 
Geological Survey, iii., April 9, 1877, p. 167. 
