390 LAMARCK, HIS LIFE AND WORK 
primary factors of organic evolution, such as the 
change of environment, whether the factors be cos- 
mical (gravity), physical changes in temperature, 
effects of increased or diminished light and shade, 
under- or over-nutrition, and the changes resulting 
from the presence or absence of enemies, or from iso- 
lation. The action of these factors, whether direct 
or indirect, is obvious, when we try to explain the 
origin or causes of the more marked metamorphoses 
of animals. Then come in the other Lamarckian 
factors of use and disuse, new needs resulting in 
new modes of life, habits, or functions, which bring 
about the origination, development, and perfection 
of new organs, as in new species and genera, etc., or 
which in metamorphic forms may result in a greater 
increase in the number of, and an exaggeration of 
the features characterizing the stages of larval life. 
“VI. The Adequacy of Neolamarckism. 
‘‘ Tt is not to be denied that in many instances all 
through the ceaseless operation of these fundamen- 
tal factors there is going on a process of sifting or of 
selection of forms best adapted to their surround- 
ings, and best fitted to survive, but this factor, 
though important, is quite subordinate to the initial 
causes of variation, and of metamorphic changes. 
‘“ Neolamarckism,* as we understand this doctrine, 
*In 1885, in the Introduction to the Standard Natural History, 
we proposed the term Neolamarckianism, or Lamarckism in its 
modern form, to designate the series of factors of organic evolution, 
and we take the liberty to quote the passage in which the word first 
occurs. We may add that the briefer form, Neolamarckism, is the 
more preferable. 
‘“In the United States a number of naturalists have advocated 
what may be called Neo-Lamarckian views of evolution, especially the 
conception that in some cases rapid evolution may occur. The pres- 
ent writer, contrary to pure Darwinians, believes that many species, 
but more especially types of genera and families, have been produced 
by changes in the environment acting often with more or less rapidity 
