402 LAMARCK, HIS LIFE AND WORK 
change of habits and food, use and disuse, are 
factors. 
The same kind of inquiry, though on far less 
complete data, was extended by the present writer* 
in 1873 to the moths, careful measurements of 
twenty-five species of geometrid moths common to 
the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America 
showing that there is an increase in size and varia- 
tion in shape of the wings, and in some cases in 
color, in the Pacific Coast over Eastern or Atlantic 
Coast individuals of the same species, the differences 
being attributed to the action of climatic causes. 
The same law holds good in the few Notodontian 
moths common to both sides of ourcontinent. Sim- 
ilar studies, the results depending on careful meas- 
urements of many individuals, have recently been 
made by C. H. Eigenmann (1895-96), W. J. Moenk- 
haus (1896), and H. C. Bumpus (1896-98). 
The discoveries of Owen, Gaudry, Huxley, Kowa- 
levsky, Cope, Marsh, Filhol, Osborn, Scott, Wort- 
mann, and many others, abundantly prove that the 
lines of vertebrate descent must have been the re- 
sult of the action of the primary factors of organic 
evolution, including the principles of migration, iso- 
lation, and competition; the selective principle being 
secondary and preservative rather than originative. 
Important contributions to dynamic evolution or 
kinetogenesis ~are the essays of Cope, Ryder, Dall, 
Osborn, Jackson, Scott, and Wortmann. 
* Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical 
Survey Territories, 1873. Pp. 543-560. See also the author’s mono- 
graph of Geometrid Moths or Phaleenidz of the United States, 1876, 
pp. 584-589, and monograph of Bombycine Moths (Notodontide), p. 50. 
