408 LAMARCK, HIS LIFE AND WORK 
Dr. H. de Varigny has carried on much farther 
the kind of experiments begun by Semper. In his 
Experimental Evolution he employs the Lamarckian 
factors of environment and use and disuse, regarding 
the selective factors as secondary. 
The Lamarckian factors are also depended upon 
by the late Professor Eimer in his works on the vari- 
ation of the wall-lizard and on the markings of birds 
and mammals (1881-88), his final views being com- 
prised in his general work.* The essence of his point 
of view may be seen by the following quotation: 
““ According to my conception, the physical and 
chemical changes which organisms experience during 
life through the action of the environment, through 
light or want of light, air, warmth, cold, water, moist- 
ure, food, etc., and which they transmit by hered- 
ity, are the primary elements in the production of 
the manifold variety of the organic world, and in the 
origin of species. From the materials thus supplied 
the struggle for existence makes its selection. These 
changes, however, express themselves simply as 
growth ’’ (p. 22). 
Ina later paper + Eimer proposes the term ‘‘ortho- 
genesis,’ or direct development, in rigorous con- 
formity to law, in a few definite directions. Al- 
though this is simply and wholly Lamarckism, Eimer 
claims, that 1t as snot, > for,”; he -strancelyenoucnh 
Cé . . ; 
says, ‘ Lamarck ascribed no efficiency whatever to 
* Organic Evolution as the Result of the Inheritance of Acquired 
Characters, according to the Laws of Organic Growth. Translated by 
J. T. Cunningham, r8go. 
+ On Orthogenesis and the Impotence of Natural Selection in 
Species Formation. Chicago, 1898. 
